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191.
T Tempel W Wippich 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2012,8(3):218-225
We investigated influences of item generation and emotional valence on retrieval-induced forgetting. Drawing on postulates of the three-factor theory of generation effects, generation tasks differentially affecting the processing of inter-item relations were applied. Whereas retrieval-induced forgetting of freely generated items was moderated by the emotional valence as well as retrieval-induced forgetting of read items, even though in the reverse direction (Experiment 1), fragment completion eliminated the moderation of retrieval-induced forgetting by emotional valence (Experiment 2). The results corroborate the assumption that the processing of inter-item relations is crucial for the immunization against retrieval-induced forgetting. Moreover, differential processing of inter-item relations may clarify the mixed results on moderating factors of retrieval-induced forgetting that have been reported. 相似文献
192.
The development of theories and computational models of reading requires an understanding of processing constraints, in particular
of timelines related to word recognition and oculomotor control. Timelines of word recognition are usually determined with
event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded under conditions of serial visual presentation (SVP) of words; timelines of oculomotor
control are derived from parameters of eye movements (EMs) during natural reading. We describe two strategies to integrate
these approaches. One is to collect ERPs and EMs in separate SVP and natural reading experiments for the same experimental
material (but different subjects). The other strategy is to co-register EMs and ERPs during natural reading from the same
subjects. Both strategies yield data that allow us to determine how lexical properties influence ERPs (e.g., the N400 component)
and EMs (e.g., fixation durations) across neighboring words. We review our recent research on the effects of frequency and
predictability of words on both EM and ERP measures with reference to current models of eye-movement control during reading.
Results are in support of the proposition that lexical access is distributed across several fixations and across brain-electric
potentials measured on neighboring words. 相似文献
193.
194.
Michael Witthöft Nicolas Sander Heinz-Martin Süß Werner W. Wittmann 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2013,20(2):133-163
ABSTRACT According to the inhibition-deficit hypothesis age differences in working memory capacity and fluid intelligence have been attributed to a decline in inhibitory efficiency. Conceptualizing inhibition as multifaceted, 88 participants (49 younger and 39 elderly) completed two versions of the negative priming paradigm (identification and localization), and two variants of the directed forgetting paradigm (listwise and itemwise). Two tasks of the Wechsler Intelligence Test with high loadings on general fluid intelligence (Gf) served as validation criteria. Results revealed task-specific and speed-independent inhibitory deficits in the elderly (lower negative priming in both paradigms; more intrusions in the directed forgetting tasks), as well as higher levels of repetition priming. Significant correlations between measures of inhibition and the Wechsler scores were found in both age groups. Results support the view of multiple inhibitory-like capabilities that play a central role in the decline of higher-order cognitive functions in old age. 相似文献
195.
Werner Wirth Tilo Hartmann Saskia Böcking Peter Vorderer Christoph Klimmt Holger Schramm 《Media Psychology》2013,16(3):493-525
In order to bridge interdisciplinary differences in Presence research and to establish connections between Presence and “older” concepts of psychology and communication, a theoretical model of the formation of Spatial Presence is proposed. It is applicable to the exposure to different media and intended to unify the existing efforts to develop a theory of Presence. The model includes assumptions about attention allocation, mental models, and involvement, and considers the role of media factors and user characteristics as well, thus incorporating much previous work. It is argued that a commonly accepted model of Spatial Presence is the only solution to secure further progress within the international, interdisciplinary and multiple-paradigm community of Presence research. 相似文献
196.
Ritalin (methylphenidate hydrochloride) is a powerful stimulant drug frequently prescribed for children exhibiting hyperactive behavior, poor attention span, and/or distractibility. Reading teachers and other educators have a particular interest in Ritalin since they frequently have students in their classes taking this medication. The researchers in this study were interested in determining how Ritalin is prescribed for children in educational settings, what dosages seem appropriate, and specifically, what effect Ritalin has on reading achievement. Implications for reading teachers are discussed. 相似文献
197.
Werner Sommer Andrea Hildebrandt Olga Kunina-Habenicht Annekathrin Schacht Oliver Wilhelm 《Acta psychologica》2013,142(1):62-73
Although there is abundant evidence for female superiority in Face Cognition (FC), a number of questions regarding sex differences remain to be addressed. Here we report a reanalysis of data on the level of latent factors, modeled on the basis of an extensive test battery applied to three samples of over 800 adults in all. In independent samples the measurement structure of FC was invariant for both sexes, indicating that the measurement of the construct does not depend on the context variable sex, and investigating mean performance differences will not be biased by measurement issues — a neglected aspect in previous studies. We confirmed female superiority for face perception (FP) and face memory (FM). For the first time we could show that these sex differences prevailed after accounting for sex differences in broadly measured general cognitive functioning and in object perception. Across adult age, sex differences in FM increased due to the rapid decline of this ability in men, whereas performance in women remained stable across adult age. Self-reported social involvement and things-oriented activities moderated sex-differences in FM. Results show that sex differences are salient at the level of specific FC constructs and that they can be partially explained by social involvement. 相似文献
198.
199.
Martine Van Puyvelde Pol Vanfleteren Gerrit Loots Sara Deschuyffeleer Bart Vinck Wolfgang Jacquet Werner Verhelst 《Infant behavior & development》2010,33(4):387
This study reports the occurrence of ‘tonal synchrony’ as a new dimension of early mother–infant interaction synchrony. The findings are based on a tonal and temporal analysis of vocal interactions between 15 mothers and their 3-month-old infants during 5 min of free-play in a laboratory setting. In total, 558 vocal exchanges were identified and analysed, of which 84% reflected harmonic or pentatonic series. Another 10% of the exchanges contained absolute and/or relative pitch and/or interval imitations. The total durations of dyads being in tonal synchrony were normally distributed (M = 3.71, SD = 2.44). Vocalisations based on harmonic series appeared organised around the major triad, containing significantly more simple frequency ratios (octave, fifth and third) than complex ones (non-major triad tones). Tonal synchrony and its characteristics are discussed in relation to infant-directed speech, communicative musicality, pre-reflective communication and its impact on the quality of early mother–infant interaction and child's development. 相似文献
200.
We report a fascinating phenomenon that emerges when a surface is viewed through a tube held close to one eye, with the other eye open. The disk-shaped area seen through the tube looks strikingly brighter and, when viewed on a textured background, also of higher spatial contrast than the same surface area viewed without a tube. The effect is reminiscent of a spotlight illuminating the area under consideration. We call this the 'tube effect'. The tube effect is one of the strongest contrast illusions known to us. It requires a matching luminance that is twice as high as the reference luminance seen through the tube. Brightness ratings increase linearly with the log of the background luminance. The effect (i) produces a dark afterimage, (ii) reverses in polarity with low ambient illumination, (iii) assumes the complementary colour of the illuminant, and (iv) persists with fully dilated pupils. Potential explanations include simultaneous contrast (due to the penumbra and dark inner walls of the tube) and veiling of the surround (due to local adaptation and a lower gain factor). 相似文献