In four experiments on the identification of familiar faces we reassessed a robust performance pattern—namely, the temporal advantage for retrieving biographical facts as compared to recalling proper names, which has been interpreted as reflecting a serial ordering of the access to semantic and name information. Evidence for recent parallel accounts had been provided by Scanlan and Johnston (1997) who reported an advantage for name retrieval in children. Here we replicated the findings of Scanlan and Johnston but also showed that the naming advantage disappears, and performance is very similar to that of adults when stimuli and tasks are used that are familiar to children. Conversely, we also demonstrated an advantage for name retrieval in adults when highly unfamiliar semantic facts were associated with the faces. Together these findings suggest that there is no fundamental difference in the cognitive architectures of children and adults. The experiments indicate that the relative speed of naming and semantic fact retrieval depends on the expertise with the semantic facts to be retrieved. Implications for models of face identification and naming are discussed. 相似文献
The Tao and the Logos: Literary Hermeneutics, East and West. Zhang Longxi, 1992 Duke University Press xviii + 239 pp., ISBN 0 8223 1218 2, pb $14.50
Ibn Sinā and Mysticism: Remarks and Admonitions. Shams C. Inati, 1996, London, Kegan Paul International, 114 pp., ISBN 0 7103 0482 X, hb £30.00
Ethics in Early Buddhism. David J. Kalupahana, 1995, Hawaii, University of Hawaii Press, ix+ 171 pp., ISBN 0 8248 1702 8, hb $27.00
On Understanding Buddhists. Essays on Theravāda Tradition in Sri Lanka. John Ross Carter, 1993, Albany, State University of New York Press, xiv+215 pp, hb $16.95
To See the Buddha. A Philosopher's Quest for the Meaning of Emptiness. Malcolm David Eckel, 1994 (1st edn 1992), Princeton, Princeton University Press, x + 262 pp., ISBN 0 691 03773 6, pb US$ 16.95 相似文献
The well-known Rasch model is generalized to a multicomponent model, so that observations of component events are not needed to apply the model. It is shown that the generalized model has retained the property of the specific objectivity of the Rasch model. For a restricted variant of the model, maximum likelihood estimates of its parameters and a statistical test of the model are given. The results of an application to a mathematics test involving six components are described. 相似文献
A maching language program for the 6502 KIM-1 microcomputer to produce a pulsed output for modulating a signal generator is described. The pattern of modulation is easily controlled to produce chirps, trills, and pauses as components of artificial insect songs. In the laboratory, increased locomotory activity of male and female field crickets (Teleogryllus commodus) is induced by an artificial calling song. In the field, crickets of both sexes are attracted to pitfall traps from which the song is broadcast. 相似文献
Japanese bantam hens were trained to discriminate between geometrical figures varying along four integral dimensions. Only
one dimension predicted food: selections of sharp-cornered figures were reinforced, while selections of rounded figures were
not. In experiment 1, hens were subsequently trained to discriminate between nine figure pairs in a simultaneous discrimination
task. Because single pairs contained multiple redundant cues, whereas the relevant dimension was obvious only across stimulus
pairs, the results revealed effects of both generalization and reversal learning. Accordingly, learning speed was enhanced
for later discriminations. Experiment 2 tested the hens’ transfer performance to unknown pairs, following experience of 9
or 18 figure pairs. Four of seven hens showed reliable transfer after experience with 9 figures, but only three showed transfer
after experience with 18 figures, indicating lower transfer with higher number of stimulus pairs learned. In experiment 3,
hens were trained to discriminate 27 figure pairs. Discrimination ratios further decreased and the groups of pairs differed
significantly in their ratios of discrimination. Individual hens’ pecking behaviour was analysed in relation to each dimension
of single figures and in relation to relative differences in the levels of dimensions between paired figures. Hens were shown
to be oriented towards irrelevant information and more towards relational and configurational than elemental and dimensional
aspects. The results are discussed in the biological context of individual recognition in chickens’ dominance hierarchies,
in which we suppose that chickens identify individual flock mates by representation of their visual pattern rather than by
single characteristics.
Received: 18 September 1998 / Accepted after revision: 23 December 1998 相似文献