关于动力系统中自我强化和学生期待对学习效率影响的实验研究

本实验考察了在教学活动中,动力系统中自我强化和学生期待两因素与中学生学习效率的关系。结果表明：在其它教学条件相同的情况下,适当地、适时地满足学生期待对初中生学习效率的提高有较明显的作用,而对高中学生则作用不明显;对中学生进行自我强化的训练,有助于高中生学习效率的提高,而对初中生学习效率的作用则不明显;实验中未出现交互作用。     

问题域中的古希腊哲学研究和学术传统中的古希腊哲学研究

本文认为,在古希腊哲学研究中应当区分问题意识的重要性和学术传统的重要性.只是在深入的问题意识的指引下,所研究的对象才能够展现为一个明确的、富有层次和内在关联的问题域,而研究才能有效地、并且具有思想深度地展开.进一步地,本文指出,没有孤立的经典文本,只有置身于学术传统之中的活的思想,从而,这就要求古希腊哲学的研究者自觉地置身于从古代延续而来的一个漫长的经典诠释传统之中来开展自己的研究工作,只有以此方式,我们的古希腊哲学研究才能达到真正的专业研究的水平.     

大学生自我意识研究

使用认识自我同卷和自我意识量表对752名大学生进行测评,探索大学生个性自我、道德自我、倾向自我、社会自我、虚拟自我等维度的自我意识,结果发现:1道德自我和积极的个性自我意识是大学生自我意识的主流,道德自我、个性自我、外在自我和社会自我在年级方面存在非常显著差异.2文理科大学生自我意识存在差异.虚拟自我在性别方面存在非常显著差异,而个性自我、道德自我、倾向自我、社会自我在性别方面没有显著差异,文理科大学生虚拟自我意识差异显著.3大学生私我型自我意识平均水平高于公众型.     

唯物史观在当代面临的挑战和诘难

马克思主义哲学自诞生以来就不断遭受着各种挑战和诘难,特别是在当代,随着新科技革命的深入发展和社会主义建设的不断前进,唯物史观在社会发展动力、主体,社会主义社会的主要矛盾以及马克思主义的指导地位等问题上受到了来自方方面面的挑战和诘难,这些都是我们必须及时做出回答和回应的重大问题.现就学界有关这些方面的研究成果做一梳理,以期推动对这些问题更为深入的研究.     

提取方式对相继记忆效应的影响

采用学习－测验（自由回忆和再认）研究范式和事件相关电位方法,研究图形的相继记忆效应（Dm效应）。14名大学生作为研究被试,根据其测验成绩将图片分为记住和未记住两类,对相应编码过程的ERPs进行分析。结果表明：⑴行为上,再认的平均击中率显著高于自由回忆;⑵脑电活动上,在刺激出现后400~700ms编码过程中记住项目的ERPs更正于未记住项目的ERPs;同时两种测验方式Dm效应的脑区分布不同,自由回忆主要分布在额区,再认主要分布在中央区和顶区,且在500~600ms自由回忆有左侧优势。这些结果表明,两种提取方式对Dm效应有不同的影响,这一结果预示自由回忆和再认的编码过程可能有不同的神经生理机制。     

Different responses of two strains of chickens to different training procedures for magnetic directions

In previous conditioning experiments training domestic chickens to magnetic directions, a brown strain solved the task, whereas a white strain seemed unable to do so (Freire et al. Anim Cogn 11:547–552, 2008). To test whether this was possibly caused by loss of magnetic compass orientation in the white chickens, we analyzed the distribution of cryptochrome 1a, the candidate receptor molecule mediating magnetic compass information, in the retinae of Lohmann Browns and White Leghorns and found no difference between the two strains. Yet, subsequent training experiments replicated the former findings: Lohmann Browns used the magnetic field to find an imprinting stimulus hidden behind the screen in a specific magnetic direction, whereas White Leghorns did not solve the task. However, when we altered the training method by training also in a magnetic field with North shifted to geographic East and including a punishment for incorrect choices, the performance of White Leghorns improved to a significant preference for the expected directions. The Lohmann Browns, on the other hand, seemed frightened and chose randomly. Our results thus demonstrate the crucial role of the training method for conditioning to magnetic stimuli, with differences found even between strains of the same species.     

Voids formed from solidifying tin particles in solid aluminium

In this study, voids commonly associated with tin particles in two aluminium alloys containing microalloying additions (0.01 at.%) of tin have been observed by transmission electron microscopy. The voids were generated by quenching the alloys at moderate rates (10²–10³ K s^?1) from a temperature (718 K) in excess of the melting temperature (501 K) of elemental tin in tin–microalloyed aluminium. Estimates of the void volume as a function of the volume of the associated tin particle reveal a linear relationship consistent with the excess volume resulting from the solidification of the tin particle. The formation and stabilisation of shrinkage voids in metallic alloys are suggested to arise from a combination of high vacancy supersaturation, the large volumetric misfit strain of the solidifying tin particle and a reduction in void surface energy associated with segregation of alloying elements.     

Characterization of quasicrystalline primary intermetallic particles in Mg?8wt%Zn?4wt%Al casting alloy

The quasicrystal structure of primary intermetallic particles found in the ascast microstructure of a permanent mould-cast Mg-8wt%Zn-4wt%Al alloy has been characterized using transmission electron microscopy. Most primary intermetallic particles have an average composition of Mg     

马克思著述知多少?--从"书志学"方面进行的清理、考证与统计

对于像马克思这样从少年时代便开始写作、毕生最善于用文字表述其对世界的理解和看法的思想家,其留下的文本及其相关文献是我们诠释其思想虽非唯一但的确是非常重要的依凭[2];而从总体上对其著述进行比较清楚的梳理和尽可能准确的统计,将有助于从宏观上把握思想家写作的特点、文体的类型、文本的曲折历程和思想被接受的种种复杂情形,是文本研究中一项必不可少的工作.