Recollection reduces unitised familiarity effect

Two types of encoding tasks have been employed in previous research to investigate the beneficial effect of unitisation on familiarity-based associative recognition (unitised familiarity effect), namely the compound task and the interactive imagery task. Here we show how these two tasks could differentially engage subsequent recollection-based associative recognition and consequently lead to the turn-on or turn-off of the unitised familiarity effect. In the compound task, participants studied unrelated word pairs as newly learned compounds. In the interactive imagery task, participants studied the same word pairs as interactive images. An associative recognition task was used in combination with the Remember/Know procedure to measure recollection-based and familiarity-based associative recognition. The results showed that the unitised familiarity effect was present in the compound task but was absent in the interactive imagery task. A comparison of the compound and the interactive imagery task revealed a dramatic increase in recollection-based associative recognition for the interactive imagery task. These results suggest that unitisation could benefit familiarity-based associative recognition; however, this effect will be eliminated when the memory trace formed is easily accessed by strong recollection without the need for a familiarity assessment.     

经典氧债学说研究进展

Hill和 Margaria等依据乳酸代谢动力学特征对氧债现象所作的理论解释曾统治对该问题的研究长达半个世纪 ,然而 ,采用新的测试技术研究发现 ,经典氧债学说至少在以下三个方面与当代生理学研究有明显的冲突 ,即氧亏与氧债的关系、乳酸与氧耗的一致性和乳酸转变为肌糖。本文就上述研究进行简要回顾。     

加工水平及词对类型在新异联系形成中的作用

该研究采用过程分离方法和知觉辨认方法探讨不同加工水平和词对类型在新异联系形成中的作用。结果表明,深加工是形成非相关词对间联想启动的条件之一。另外,具体词对的联想启动没有表现出加工水平效应,出现了内隐和外显记忆的分离现象,提示不同的词对类型与加工水平间存在着交互作用,当联系程度较紧时,并不一定需要语义加工,而联系程度不紧时,语义加工则是必要的。     

Information transmission with a multifinger tactual display

In this work, the tactual information transmission capabilities of a tactual display designed to provide stimulation along a continuum from kinesthetic movements to cutaneous vibrations are assessed. The display is capable of delivering arbitrary waveforms to three digits (thumb, index, and middle finger) within an amplitude range from absolute detection threshold to about 50 dB sensation level and a frequency range from dc to above 300 Hz. Stimulus sets were designed at each of three signal durations (125, 250, and 500 msec) by combining salient attributes, such as frequency (further divided into low, middle, and high regions), amplitude, direction of motion, and finger location. Estimated static information transfer (IT) was 6.5 bits at 500 mseC., 6.4 bits at 250 mseC., and 5.6 bits at 125 msec. Estimates of IT rate were derived from identification experiments in which the subject’s task was to identify the middle stimulus in a sequence of three stimuli randomly selected from a given stimulus set. On the basis of the extrapolations from these IT measurements to continuous streams, the IT rate was estimated to be about 12 bits/seC., which is roughly the same as that achieved by Tadoma users in tactual speech communication.     

高原低氧对脑功能的影响

本文报告了海拔4,000米左右低氧对脑功能的影响,并观察了高原现场驾驶汽车劳动6小时后脑功能的变化。所用测试指标如下:视觉机能(颜色分辨、深度觉、视觉疲劳和视觉注意稳定性等测验);听觉机能(听阈测验、听觉疲劳、声音强度辨别阈和声源定向等测定);记忆联想和演算能力测定;反应时和手脚协同活动反应;驾驶追踪动作和汽车穿桩实验等多种综合指标。结果表明,一些指标有影响,另一些指标没有影响。总的看来,海拔4,000米左右的高原现场对人的感觉机能和脑功能没有明显的影响。     

小学儿童记忆中组织策略发展的实验研究

本研究探讨了小学儿童组织策略的发展,结果表明:1.小学儿童组织策略的发展可分为产生性缺损和成熟运用组织策略两个主要阶段。第一个阶段根据是否伴随中介性缺损又可分为两个亚阶段。2.导致产生性缺损的原因有:(1)缺乏对记忆手段和记忆目标之间的功能关系的清晰认识;(2)不能清楚地认识策略的有效性,以及常运用自己熟悉的、简单的、但也相对无效的策略;(3)较差的有关记忆材料的知识基础以及较低的认识发展水平。     

心理长度对二年级儿童数字线估计表征的影响

从心理长度的角度探讨二年级儿童在0~100和0~1000数字范围存在不同表征方式的原因。实验一要求二年级儿童完成长度均为10cm,范围分别为0~100和0~1000的数字线估计任务。实验二要求儿童对长度分别为10cm和18cm,范围均为0~1000的数字线进行估计。结果发现在两个实验中二年级儿童的估计均存在心理长度,但与以往研究的一年级儿童相比,心理长度的范围有所缩小。随着数字范围的增大或长度的减小,儿童的表征方式出现了从线性表征向对数表征的转变趋势。这些结果表明不精确的表征方式可能与心理长度策略的使用有关,心理长度在一定程度上影响了二年级儿童的估计表征方式。     

梨状皮层或苍白球损毁对大鼠空间认知能力的影响

在Ｍｏｒｒｉｓ迷宫中,梨状皮层或苍白球损毁大鼠的空间认知作业成绩较显著低于控制组,搜索目标以趋向式策略为主,与正常大鼠搜索策略的差异提示：①梨状皮层和苍白球参与了空间认知加工;②在图认知系统中梨状皮层和苍白球居辅助层次。     

Somatization in Chinese American clients: Implications for psychotherapeutic services

Chinese Americans have a tendency to somatize, or complain of physical discomforts, when they experience psychological or emotional problems. Differentiating whether these clients have a mental health problem or a physical ailment is a critical diagnostic and treatment issue. In addition, psychogenic somatic complaints need to be addressed in a culturally congruent manner in the context of psychotherapy. This paper examines the somatic symptoms commonly reported by Chinese American clients. Ways to address these issues in differential diagnosis and in treatment will be discussed along with case examples.Portions of this paper were presented at the 100th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C., August, 1992.     

随机截距潜在转变分析(RI-LTA)——个案自我转变与个案间差异的分离

传统的潜在转变分析属于单水平分析, 但其同样也可以看作二水平分析。Muthén和Asparouhov就以二水平分析的视角在单水平分析框架内提出了随机截距潜在转变分析(RI-LTA), 其中跨时间点产生的自我转变可以看作在水平1进行分析, 跨时间点不变的个案间差异可以看作在水平2进行分析, 使个案的自我转变和个案间的初始差异分离, 避免了高估保留在初始类别的概率。某研究型大学2016级本科生的追踪调查数据被用于演示使用随机截距潜在转变分析的过程。该方法的最大优势是通过引入随机截距避免了高估保留在本类别的转变概率。未来研究可以运用蒙特卡洛模拟研究探究随机截距潜在转变分析模型的适用性, 也可以用多水平分析的思路为灵感, 探究多水平随机截距潜在转变分析在统计软件中的实现。