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801.
Ecological validity of neuropsychological assessment includes the ability of tests to predict real-world functioning and/or covary with brain structures. Studies have examined the relationship between adaptive skills and test performance, with less focus on the association between regional brain volumes and neurobehavioral function in healthy children. The present study examined the relationship between temporal lobe gray matter volumes and performance on two neuropsychological tests hypothesized to measure temporal lobe functioning (visual perception-VP; peabody picture vocabulary test, third edition-PPVT-III) in 48 healthy children ages 5-18 years. After controlling for age and gender, left and right temporal and left occipital volumes were significant predictors of VP. Left and right frontal and temporal volumes were significant predictors of PPVT-III. Temporal volume emerged as the strongest lobar correlate with both tests. These results provide convergent and discriminant validity supporting VP as a measure of the "what" system; but suggest the PPVT-III as a complex measure of receptive vocabulary, potentially involving executive function demands. 相似文献
802.
Blaine SM Carroll JC Rideout AL Glendon G Meschino W Shuman C Telner D Van Iderstine N Permaul J 《Journal of genetic counseling》2008,17(2):189-195
Background Family physicians (FPs) are increasingly involved in delivering genetic services. Familiarization with aspects of genetic
counseling may enable FPs to help patients make informed choices.
Purpose Exploration of interactive role-play as a means to raise FPs’ awareness of the process and content of genetic counseling.
Methods FPs attending two large Canadian family medicine conferences in 2005 were eligible—93 participated. FPs discussed a case during
a one-on-one session with a genetic counselor. Evaluation involved pre and post intervention questionnaires
Results FPs’ baseline genetic knowledge was self-rated as uniformly poor. Baseline confidence was highest in eliciting family history
and providing psychosocial support and lowest in discussing risks/benefits of genetic testing and counseling process. Post-intervention,
80% of FPs had better appreciation of family history and 97% indicated this was an effective learning experience.
Conclusions Role-play with FPs is effective in raising awareness of the process and content of genetic counseling and may be applied to
other health disciplines.
This research was funded by: The Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Institute of Genetics, The Genetics Education
Project (funded by the Ontario Women’s Health Council), and GeneSens (funded by a CIHR Interdisciplinary Capacity Enhancement
Team Grant). 相似文献
803.
Female fragile X premutation carriers are at ∼10-fold increased risk of premature ovarian failure (follicle stimulating hormone
>40 mIU/mL, amenorrhea, age <40). A milder degree of premature ovarian aging (diminished ovarian reserve, where follicle stimulating
hormone levels are typically 10–20 mIU/mL) results in infertility. Approximately 10% of fertility clinic patients have this
diagnosis. A cohort of 20 women diagnosed with diminished ovarian reserve provided a blood specimen (confidential results),
and completed structured questionnaires that assessed emotional reactions to potentially being a premutation carrier (pretest
questionnaire, n = 20) and the posttest known carrier status (3 month follow-up questionnaire, n = 18 non-carriers). Responses were measured using 9-point scales, and analyzed with Fisher exact and Wilcoxon exact tests.
While most participants did not view fragile X premutations as a serious medical condition, perceptions of seriousness were
positively correlated with anger and regret about not knowing sooner of the potential association of these premutations with
infertility. Overall, when women (pretest) imagined themselves as carriers, their self-esteem and Health Orientation Scale
responses were unchanged with the exception of feeling more afraid (p = 0.004). Despite strongly wishing for negative test results, they were glad to know there might be a medical explanation
for their infertility.
Financial Support: This work was financially supported by a University of Virginia School of Medicine Research & Development
Award. 相似文献
804.
Students who exaggerate their current grade point averages (GPAs) report positive emotional and motivational orientations toward academics (Gramzow & Willard, 2006; Willard & Gramzow, 2007). It is conceivable, however, that these self-reports mask underlying anxieties. The current study examined cardiovascular reactivity during an academic interview in order to determine whether exaggerators respond with a pattern suggestive of anxiety or, alternatively, equanimity. Sixty-two undergraduates were interviewed about their academic performance. Participants evidenced increased sympathetic activation (indexed with preejection period) during the interview, suggesting active task engagement. Academic exaggeration predicted parasympathetic coactivation (increased respiratory sinus arrhythmia). Observer ratings indicated that academic exaggeration was coordinated with a composed demeanor during the interview. Together, these patterns suggest that academic exaggeration is associated with emotional equanimity, rather than anxiety. The capacity for adaptive emotion regulation--to keep a cool head when focusing on academic performance--offers one explanation for why exaggerators also tend to improve academically. These findings have implications for the broader literature on self-evaluation, emotion, and cardiovascular reactivity. 相似文献
805.
DISCREPANCY IN FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS RESULTS ACROSS TWO SETTINGS: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTION DESIGN
Russell Lang Mark O'Reilly Giulio Lancioni Mandy Rispoli Wendy Machalicek Jeffrey M. Chan Paul Langthorne Jesse Franco 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2009,42(2):393-397
Functional analyses that were conducted in two settings (playground and classroom) indicated that problem behavior was sensitive to adult attention on the playground and tangible items in the classroom. Attention‐ and tangible‐based interventions were designed based on the results from each of the assessment environments and were compared. The attention‐based intervention was more effective on the playground, and the tangible‐based intervention was more effective in the classroom. Findings are discussed in regards to the generality of functional analysis results across environments. 相似文献
806.
Wendy S. Parker 《Synthese》2009,169(3):483-496
A number of recent discussions comparing computer simulation and traditional experimentation have focused on the significance
of “materiality.” I challenge several claims emerging from this work and suggest that computer simulation studies are material
experiments in a straightforward sense. After discussing some of the implications of this material status for the epistemology
of computer simulation, I consider the extent to which materiality (in a particular sense) is important when it comes to making
justified inferences about target systems on the basis of experimental results. 相似文献
807.
808.
Madeline H. Meier Wendy S. Slutske Andrew C. Heath Nicholas G. Martin 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(5):653-664
In the current study, two hypotheses about the role of harsh discipline (HD) in explaining the sex difference in the prevalence
of conduct disorder (CD) were evaluated: that boys exhibit more CD than girls because (1) they are exposed to more HD and/or
(2) there is a greater association between HD and CD in boys. These hypotheses were evaluated in a sample of male and female
adult twins from different families (N = 3,502) as well as a sample of adult twin brothers and sisters (N = 655) in order to examine the extent to which sex differences remained after controlling for between-family differences.
Retrospective reports of HD experienced between ages 6–13 and DSM-IV CD symptoms experienced before age 18 were obtained via
structured psychiatric telephone interviews. Boys reported higher mean levels of HD and CD than girls, both between and within
families, and the results of model-fitting analyses suggested that differences in the use of harsh disciplinary practices
for sons versus daughters may partially explain the sex difference in the prevalence of CD. Between families, the relation
between HD and CD was greater for girls than boys, but within families, there was no evidence of a sex difference in the relation
between HD and CD. Inconsistent between-family and within-family results suggest that factors that differ between families
are confounded with sex differences in the relation between HD and CD. A more stringent test of sex differences involves eliminating
these between-family differences by studying boys and girls within the same family. 相似文献
809.
Terra C. Murray Wendy M. Rodgers Shawn N. Fraser 《Journal of applied social psychology》2009,39(10):2303-2320
Some studies have found positive associations between implementation intentions and exercise, independent of motivational factors. However, most research has not been conducted in actual exercise contexts. In a naturalistic setting, implementation intentions may be associated with self‐efficacy (SE) beliefs. This study examined the effect of implementation intentions on adherence and SE over an 11‐week exercise program. Women (N = 72) were randomly assigned to an experimental (i.e., implementation intention) or a control group, with 52 participants completing the study. Results showed that while adherence decreased over time in both groups, the experimental group had better adherence than did the control group. Scheduling SE was also higher in the experimental group. Implementation intentions may help to maintain adherence and scheduling SE. 相似文献
810.
Shelley A. Francis Wendy K. Lam Jessica D. Cance Vijaya K. Hogan 《Journal of religion and health》2009,48(2):164-177
This study examines African American faith based leaders’ attitudes and beliefs about providing HIV prevention education and
services to adolescents. Using a convenience sample, we identified priority adolescent health issues, attitudes about abstinence
messages, and willingness to provide and participate in HIV prevention. Leaders identified drugs, gangs, alcohol, sex, and
pregnancy as priority health issues affecting youth in their institutions. Leaders’ strongly preferred to emphasize abstinence
messages. Although leaders were willing to provide youth with health education, they were not willing to discuss specific
behaviors associated with HIV transmission. African American churches provide a venue to reach African American youth; however,
there are limitations to relying on faith-based HIV prevention services. HIV prevention education should continue to be supplemented
via parents, schools, and public health agencies.
相似文献
Shelley A. FrancisEmail: |