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Dragan Pavlovic Christian Lehmann Michael Wendt 《Philosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM》2009,4(1):6-5
It is generally claimed that there exist exceptional circumstances when taking human life may be approved and when such actions
may be justified on moral grounds. Precise guidelines in the medical field for making such decisions concerning patients who
are terminally ill or have irreparable injuries incompatible with a bearable life, are difficult to establish. Recommendations
that take the particular logical form of a rule, such as "in dubio pro vita", "when in doubt favour life") have been suggested
and in some countries incorporated into legal texts (Germany). We claim here that such a rule is of no value since it is open-ended
and always allows for doubt, and a decision to employ measures that would support human life could always be argued to be
a valid choice. Preservation of this rule could be encouraged, but giving it the force of law may put physicians at risk,
as they may be challenged for choosing to terminate life in otherwise ethically and medically uncontroversial circumstances. 相似文献
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Aglaja Stöver Dr. med Wolfgang Weissbeck Dr. med Frank Wendt 《Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie》2008,2(4):255-262
With up to 67% of all young offenders suffering from mental illnesses, the question of how professional care should be arranged for them arises. The ability to detain a young offender for an indefinite period of time in a forensic psychiatric institution represents the final solution in juvenile law. This currently affects approximately 300 patients nationwide, of which there is precise data available only for patients who were detained before the age of 18. This is due to the differing nationwide organisational structures within specific forensic psychiatric institutions for adolescents. There is currently a lack of forensic psychiatric units in several federal states providing treatment for adolescents. When examining under what basis, and when the relocation of a person from a young forensic psychiatric institution into the corresponding adult one occurred, and how long specific pedagogic facilities were provided to these individuals, the differences between various adolescent forensic psychiatric institutions become apparent. This especially concerns young adolescent offenders suffering from delayed mental development. 相似文献
56.
Current theories of cognitive control assume that processing selectivity is adjusted according to the utility of processing
task-irrelevant stimulus features. Consistently, interference evoked by flanker stimuli is reduced when the proportion of
incompatible trials—in which flankers are associated with an incorrect response—is increased. Consistent with the idea that
the cerebral hemispheres select processing strategies independently of each other, Corballis and Gratton (2003) demonstrated
that flanker interference for stimuli presented in either the left or right visual hemifield is affected by the ratio of compatible
and incompatible target-flanker pairings presented in the same—but not in the other—hemifield. Presenting stimuli at four
different locations, we demonstrated independent effects of the ratio of compatible and incompatible trials for stimulus locations
in different hemifields as well as for stimulus locations within the same hemifield. Independent selectivity adjustment regarding
the left and right visual hemifields thus appears to be a special case of a larger class of location-specific adaptation effects
and might not be informative regarding hemisphere-specific processing. 相似文献
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Evidence from neurophysiological studies indicates that the synchronization of distributed neuronal assemblies in the gamma frequency range is responsible for the integration of discrete stimulus components into coherent wholes (e.g., see Singer, 1999 for review). Psychophysical support for this hypothesis has been reported in experiments that demonstrate that the presentation of a synchronous-premask frame within a 40-Hz flickering premask matrix primes the subsequent detection of a target Kanizsa-type square by generation of a 40-Hz prime (Elliott & Müller, 1998). Psychopharmacological and electrophysiological evidence suggests that this priming mechanism is related to activity in interneuronal networks and relies on the combined function of prefrontal and posterior circuits. In addition, psychophysical experiments demonstrate the existence of a prime-specific visual short-term memory that oscillates at 40 Hz and remains functional for up to 300 ms post-stimulus offset. These results are consistent with a view of the prime as a form of oscillatory mechanism, related to the persistence of visual information (Coltheart, 1980) and in the capacity guided by (prefrontal) top-down influences upon visual-cortical function. 相似文献
59.
William E. Hartmann Dennis C. Wendt Melissa A. Saftner John Marcus Sandra L. Momper 《American journal of community psychology》2014,54(1-2):72-80
The US has witnessed significant growth among urban American Indian (AI) populations in recent decades, and concerns have been raised that these populations face equal or greater degrees of disadvantage than their reservation counterparts. Surprisingly little urban AI research or community work has been documented in the literature, and even less has been written about the influences of urban settings on community-based work with these populations. Given the deep commitments of community psychology to empowering disadvantaged groups and understanding the impact of contextual factors on the lives of individuals and groups, community psychologists are well suited to fill these gaps in the literature. Toward informing such efforts, this work offers multidisciplinary insights from distinct idiographic accounts of community-based behavioral health research with urban AI populations. Accounts are offered by three researchers and one urban AI community organization staff member, and particular attention is given to issues of community heterogeneity, geography, membership, and collaboration. Each first-person account provides “lessons learned” from the urban context in which the research occurred. Together, these accounts suggest several important areas of consideration in research with urban AIs, some of which also seem relevant to reservation-based work. Finally, the potential role of research as a tool of empowerment for urban AI populations is emphasized, suggesting future research attend to the intersections of identity, sense of community, and empowerment in urban AI populations. 相似文献
60.
Fabian Wendt 《Res Publica》2011,17(2):175-192
Philip Pettit’s republican conception of freedom is presented as an alternative both to negative and positive conceptions
of freedom. The basic idea is to conceptualize freedom as non-domination, not as non-interference or self-mastery. When compared
to negative freedom, Pettit’s republican conception comprises two controversial claims: the claim that we are unfree if we
are dominated without actual interference, and the claim that we are free if we face interference without domination. Because
the slave is a widely accepted paradigm of the unfree person, the case of a slave with a non-interfering master is often cited
as providing a good argument for the first republican claim and against a negative conception of freedom. One aim of this
article is to raise doubts about whether this is true. The other aim of the article is to show that the prisoner—also a paradigm
of the unfree person—presents a good argument against the second republican claim and in favour of a negative conception of
freedom. This is called the ‘prisoner-argument’. It will be argued that neither Pettit’s distinction between free persons
and free choices nor his distinction between compromising and conditioning factors of freedom can help to rebut the charge
of the prisoner-argument. 相似文献