When kinesthetic information is neglected in learning a Novel bimanual rhythmic coordination

Many studies have shown that rhythmic interlimb coordination involves perception of the coupled limb movements, and different sensory modalities can be used. Using visual displays to inform the coupled bimanual movement, novel bimanual coordination patterns can be learned with practice. A recent study showed that similar learning occurred without vision when a coach provided manual guidance during practice. The information provided via the two different modalities may be same (amodal) or different (modality specific). If it is different, then learning with both is a dual task, and one source of information might be used in preference to the other in performing the task when both are available. In the current study, participants learned a novel 90° bimanual coordination pattern without or with visual information in addition to kinesthesis. In posttest, all participants were tested without and with visual information in addition to kinesthesis. When tested with visual information, all participants exhibited performance that was significantly improved by practice. When tested without visual information, participants who practiced using only kinesthetic information showed improvement, but those who practiced with visual information in addition showed remarkably less improvement. The results indicate that (1) the information is not amodal, (2) use of a single type of information was preferred, and (3) the preferred information was visual. We also hypothesized that older participants might be more likely to acquire dual task performance given their greater experience of the two sensory modes in combination, but results were replicated with both 20- and 50-year-olds.     

Predictors of Stress Generation in Adolescents in Mainland China

The current longitudinal study examined whether the personality vulnerabilities of self-criticism and dependency prospectively predicted stress generation in Chinese adolescents. Participants included 1,116 adolescents (588 girls and 528 boys), aged 15 to 18 years from rural, urban and ultra-urban mainland China. Participants completed self-report measures of personality, depressive and anxious symptoms and participated in a clinical interview assessing lifetime history of depression. The occurrence of negative life events was measured using a contextual-threat interview every 6-months for a total period of 18-months. Logistic regression analyses showed that after controlling for past depressive episodes and current depressive and anxious symptoms, self-criticism was prospectively associated with the occurrence of interpersonal stress generation, but not noninterpersonal stress generation. Dependency also predicted interpersonal stress generation, although only in girls and not boys. In line with previous Western findings, girls reported more interpersonal stress generation. Analyses across 3 levels of urbanization revealed several significant differences including higher reported interpersonal stress generation in urban girls than urban boys and overall higher levels of negative life events in ultra-urban youth. In sum, findings from the current study suggest that the stress generation process may be generalizable to Chinese youth.     

途径偏向矫正训练对药物成瘾相关线索反应的调节

研究目的:通过针对"相关线索-习惯性用药行为"联结的消退训练,降低渴求感,建立新联结,达到减弱或消退成瘾记忆的目的。探索以"动作消退动作"的方法对成瘾动作记忆进行消退的效果和可行性。方法:采用途径偏向矫正方法对28名男性药物成瘾者开展为期4周的训练。训练前后,分别测试渴求感、生理指标、途径偏向效应和Addiction-stroop task的干扰效应量,比较训练前后的指标变化,了解训练的效果。结果:训练组和对照组在训练前后的途径偏向效应没有显著的组间和交互效应,但训练组在训练前后途径偏向效应发生变化,趋向显著性,t=1.26,p=0.071。渴求感在训练组显著降低:t=1.38,p=0.05。Stroop的反应时间呈训练时间主效应:t=4.18,p=0.04。结论:途径偏向矫正消退训练可以改善成瘾者的途径偏向效应和渴求感状况,预示着通过身体动作建立"相关线索-拒绝用药行为"联结替代原有的"相关线索-自动化用药行为"联结,降低渴求感,减弱或消退成瘾记忆是有可能的。未来的研究需要采用更为精确的影像手段进行测试,验证基于动作认知的成瘾记忆消退训练的有效性。     

阅读中的快速启动范式述评

快速启动范式（Sereno & Rayner, 1992）是一种基于呈现随眼动变化技术而设计的眼动范式,主要用于研究中央凹视野内字词识别的瞬时启动,通过精确控制启动条件和启动时窗,以考察词汇通达过程中词汇水平（如,词频、词长等）、亚词汇水平（如,语音、语义、字形等）信息的加工时序。本文从基本原理、设计基础、应用领域、注意事项等方面对快速启动范式进行了较为深入的解读和介绍,并结合已有的研究成果,指出了该范式在汉语阅读中的应用价值。     

不同反应重复量对反应抑制后效应的影响*

研究不同反应重复量对反应抑制后效应的影响。采用停止信号范式,让被试完成不同反应重复量的反应抑制任务。结果显示,总的来说反应重复量因素和重复类型因素的主效应都显著;信号抑制条件下重复一次后比重复三次后无信号试次反应时要显著地长,但都与总的无信号试次反应时没有显著差异;信号反应条件下重复三次后与重复一次后无信号试次反应时没有显著差异,但都比总的无信号试次反应时显著地长。结果表明,不同反应重复量反应抑制后效应在信号抑制条件下既有认知控制调整也有自动化记忆提取,在信号反应条件下仅存在认知控制的执行加工。     

Putting It on the Line: Telephone Counseling for Adolescent Smokers

Adolescent smokers need cessation help, but the question of how best to intervene remains unanswered. This article describes the empirically validated protocol of an established, well‐utilized adolescent telephone counseling program for smoking cessation, tailored to adolescent developmental needs and shown to increase clients' 6‐month prolonged abstinence rate significantly. Clinical issues addressed include client assessment, motivation, self‐efficacy, familial and social support, planning, coping, relapse‐sensitive call scheduling, and self‐image. Counselor training considerations are also discussed.     

人脑眶额皮质表征奖赏信息的进展

文章围绕人脑眶额皮质在表征奖赏信息上的核心作用展开,分别从人脑眶额皮质表征奖赏信息的共同神经表征和特异性神经表征特点,奖赏加工和该脑区局部形态特征之间的关系以及眶额皮质表征奖赏信息的时间动态性等角度对最近的重要研究进展进行了一定的梳理和概括。最后,文章讨论了未来研究需要解决的由奖赏类型多样性和脑区间奖赏信息整合复杂性带来的系列问题。     

一个基于综合印象评分法的作文分事后调整模型

对大学英语四、六级考试作文评分进行了详细的描述,重点介绍了作文分的事后调整的原理和方法,并且给出了一个基于线性等值原理的数学推导。认为其数学模型主要是一个运用了“极大似然估计法”和“正态分”概念的统计模型。“评分标准的制定”、“用参照样卷来校准阅卷员对作文评分标准的掌握尺度”以及“阅卷员的培训和考核”构成了大学英语四、六级考试作文信度的基石;而作文分调整中基于“随机分发作文卷”、“客观题分数与作文分相关”以及“评分前后一致性”的统计方法则对出现系统性误差的阅卷员的评分结果进行了事后的校正。还提出如果拥有往次考试总体作文分均值数据,使用“加权移动平均法”可以实现对作文分的跨考次平衡。     

初中学生道德推理、移情反应、亲社会行为及其相互关系的比较研究

抽取上海市初中三个年级217名学生为被试,通过对道德判断推理能力、移情反应、亲社会行为的测量和问卷调查,考察初中阶段学生在这三个方面的发展规律,以及三者之间的相互关系。结果显示：道德判断推理与亲社会行为、与移情能力之问没有显著相关;移情能力中的个别指标与亲社会行为之间相关显著;在移情反应、亲社会行为水平、以及助人动机、帮助方式等方面均存在显著的性别差异;故事呈现方式不同会对故事与自己相关程度产生影响。     

明清时期儒学东渐日本简论

明清时期是中国儒学东传日本的高潮时期 ,日本思想家全面接受和吸取了儒学思想 ,并结合日本国情加以阐释和创新 ,将传统的儒学思想融入日本社会各个层面 ,对日本文化发展及其社会进步起了重要作用。同时 ,也产生了某些消极因素。