急腹症疼痛管理新观念——早期止痛

从早期止痛的意义,早期止痛的依据以及传统止痛现念的成因等三个方面论述急腹症早期止痛的必要性和合理性,并探讨早期止痛的策略.提醒医务人员要更新观念,对急腹症忘者应尽早实施止痛干预.     

情绪对内隐态度和外显态度联结的调节作用

不同的情绪在内隐态度与外显态度表现过程中塑造着不同的心理环境, 调节内隐态度和外显态度的一致性。正性情绪增加了内隐态度与外显态度的联结, 然而负性情绪对内隐态度与外显态度联结的调节作用表现并不一致。单一考虑情绪的正负效价不足以解释具体情绪影响的差异性, 情绪的确定性、情绪与直觉信任的交互作用均会对内隐态度与外显态度的联结产生影响。理论方面, 联结性-推理性评价模型及情绪-信息模型对情绪调节内隐态度与外显态度联结的内在机制进行了解释。未来研究可进一步探索特定情绪对内隐态度与外显态度联结的调节作用, 并考察情绪是否会对内隐刻板印象与外显刻板印象的联结产生调节作用, 以及采用认知神经科学技术揭示情绪调节内隐态度与外显态度联结的神经机制。     

焦虑情绪状态下老年个体返回抑制成分的特征*

考察焦虑情绪状态对老年个体基于位置和基于颜色返回抑制的影响。被试为22名焦虑老年者和21名正常老年者,实验为E-prime软件编程、返回抑制为范式的行为实验。实验任务要求被试辨别靶刺激的颜色,记录被试反应时和错误率。结果：（1）焦虑组老年者和正常组老年者均出现了基于位置的返回抑制,且两组效应量差异不显著。（2）正常老年组出现了基于颜色的返回抑制,焦虑老年组并未出现该效应,且两组的效应量差异显著。因此,焦虑作为一种负性的情绪状态,影响了老年组被试基于颜色特征返回抑制的出现,导致被试对于相同颜色的抑制失败,而基于位置特征返回抑制的出现却没有影响。     

心理咨询与治疗研究中的质性研究

心理咨询与治疗研究与实践长期存在脱节现象;心理咨询与治疗研究需要研究方法的多元化与科学化.质性研究方法的应用能在一定程度上解决心理咨询与治疗领域所面临的这两个问题.本文对质性研究方法应用于心理咨询与治疗研究的背景和现状进行综述,以期能对国内心理咨询与治疗研究者提供思考和借鉴.     

聋童与正常儿童对多种信念的认知

选取了122名3～12岁聋童,并分别用65名3～5岁的正常儿童作对照,开展了2个实验系列,探讨了儿童的正确信念、一级错误信念及二级错误信念认知的发展特点.结果如下: (1)聋童及正常儿童信念认知的发展过程中,无论是关于正确信念,还是关于一级错误信念,都是先发展自我信念认知,再发展他人信念认知;(2)关于正确信念、一级错误信念和二级错误信念认知的发展,聋童都比正常儿童滞后,但两者的发展趋势一致; (3)手语聋童在信念认知上略好于口语聋童; (4)父母为聋人或父母会手语的聋童,以及兄弟姐妹会手语的聋童,其信念认知水平要比其他聋童好.     

社会主义荣辱观教育的一本佳作——评《给孩子的心灵甘露——社会主义荣辱观教育家长读本》

一批多年从事家庭教育研究的专家集体撰写的《给孩子的心灵甘露--社会主义荣辱观教育家长读本》是一本对少年儿童进行荣辱观教育的很有价值的书.该书不仅对少年儿童的健康成长犹如"心灵甘露",而且也为家长和教育工作者提供了教子育人的义方.这本书不仅着眼于荣辱观教育,而且着眼于人的科学文化素养和思想道德素质的提高,让孩子"有一个志向,报效祖国;有一颗爱心,能行善举;有一双慧眼,分辨美丑;有一种能力,收获成功".就其涉及的教育理念、教育内容、教育形式和方法等广博的知识来看,堪称"家教小百科".正因为如此,它出版后立即受到人们的欢迎,成为孩子喜读、父母必读、教育工作者青睐的佳作.     

Fear-Related Chemosignals Modulate Recognition of Fear in Ambiguous Facial Expressions

ABSTRACT— Integrating emotional cues from different senses is critical for adaptive behavior. Much of the evidence on cross-modal perception of emotions has come from studies of vision and audition. This research has shown that an emotion signaled by one sense modulates how the same emotion is perceived in another sense, especially when the input to the latter sense is ambiguous. We tested whether olfaction causes similar sensory modulation of emotion perception. In two experiments, the chemosignal of fearful sweat biased women toward interpreting ambiguous expressions as more fearful, but had no effect when the facial emotion was more discernible. Our findings provide direct behavioral evidence that social chemosignals can communicate emotions and demonstrate that fear-related chemosignals modulate humans' visual emotion perception in an emotion-specific way—an effect that has been hitherto unsuspected.     

Individual attitudes and perceived social norms: Reports on HIV/AIDS‐related stigma among service providers in China

This study examined HIV/AIDS‐related stigma among Chinese service providers by comparing their personal attitudes toward people living with HIV/AIDS with their perception of social norms related to people living with HIV/AIDS. We randomly selected three provincial hospitals, four city/prefecture hospitals, 10 county hospitals, 18 township health clinics, and 54 village clinics from Yunnan, China. Doctors and nurses were randomly sampled proportionally to the doctor–nurse ratio of each hospital or clinic. Lab technicians were over‐sampled in order to include an adequate representation in the analysis. A total of 1,101 service providers participated in a voluntary, anonymous survey where demographic characteristics, individual attitude and perceived social norms toward people living with HIV/AIDS, discrimination intent at work, general prejudicial attitude and knowledge on HIV/AIDS were measured. A majority of the sample demonstrated a similarity between their personal views and what they thought most people in society believe. Multiple logistic regressions revealed that participants who were younger or reported personal contact with people living with HIV/AIDS were significantly more likely to report personal attitudes toward the population that were more liberal than their perceived social norms. Holding a more liberal personal attitude toward people living with HIV/AIDS than perceived social norms was significantly and negatively related to the level of discrimination intent at work, perceived discrimination at interpersonal level and the level of general prejudicial attitude toward people living with HIV/AIDS. Results underscored the importance of understanding social norms and personal attitudes in studying HIV‐related stigma and called for the incorporation of existing human capital into future HIV stigma reduction programs.     

时序信息和空间信息在工作记忆中的分离存储

采用相对新近性判断范式（judgments of relative recency）,通过三个实验探讨了工作记忆中时序信息和空间信息的存储方式及其关系。实验一比较了有无空间线索两种条件下时序信息的记忆绩效,结果发现,有无空间线索并不影响对时序信．E-的记忆。实验二和实验三通过控制刺激呈现的视野范围和减少呈现位置的不确定性来利化空间线索,结果表明,时序信息的记忆绩效也不受空间线索的影响。由此推论,工作记忆中的时序信息和空间信息是分离编码存储的,加入空间线索并不能提高时序信息的记忆绩效。     

斯坦福-比奈智力量表第四版的特色研究

本研究旨在探讨斯坦福-比奈智力量表第四版的特色,以期把握世界上最优秀的个别智力测验的发展趋向。通过对斯坦福-比奈智力量表第四版的翻译、修改工作,依据144名被试的测试数据,量表的理论结构,并对分测验的特点作了详尽的分析。研究中共获得了五点关于编制和使用个别智力测验的启示。