智力落后的成因--当代智力理论新解

智力落后的成因历来存在争论。本文在当代复杂系统智力理论的视野之下．从Sternberg的三元智力理论和Das的PASS模型入手,分析了智力落后本质及成因的新解．揭示了智力落后理论研究的认知心理学新走向。     

结构方程模型检验：拟合指数与卡方准则

讨论了Hu和Bentler（1998,1999）推荐的检验结构方程模型的7个拟合指数准则,对这7个指数的历史、特点和表现做了比较详细的述评。指出了他们基于这7个指数的单指数准则和2-指数准则的不足之处。提出了超低显著性水平下的卡方准则,并部分重复他们的模拟例子,将卡方准则与这7个指数准则比较,结果说明新的卡方准则优于其中的6个,与另一个相当。最后简要说明了应当如何检视拟合指数进行模型检验和模型比较。     

医疗人工智能科技异化及其伦理风险探析

医疗人工智能广泛应用于现代医疗形式。医疗科技的日新月异,大大推动了人类医学的发展进程及诊疗模式。与此同时,医疗人工智能科技的发展出现了异化现象,并由此带来了人和社会的异化,诸如对人与类人机器的角色定位不清,人对技术的依赖性过度增强,医疗全生命周期中的责任伦理缺失,技术价值失衡等社会问题。以这些异化带来的伦理风险为进度,探析在医疗人工智能使用中的隐私安全与数据使用的边界问题,人在医疗过程中的主体地位问题,“医生-人工智能-患者”的共同决策体系构建问题,构建医疗人工智能科技向善理念及法律问题。     

权力感对炫耀性亲社会行为的影响

基于高成本价值信号理论,本文探究了权力感对炫耀性亲社会行为的影响。5个实验的结果表明:权力感促使个体更愿意从事炫耀性亲社会行为,高(vs.低)权力感个体更倾向购买炫耀性亲社会产品,更愿意进行炫耀性捐赠且捐赠金额较高,也更愿意参与炫耀性善行,其机制在于高权力感者具有较高的自我矫饰动机。本文对理解权力感对个体行为的影响、丰富权力感与亲社会行为的研究文献有理论贡献,对有效引导高权力感者从事亲社会行为具有实践价值。     

贫困大学生元刻板印象威胁对群际关系的影响:群际焦虑的中介和自尊的调节作用

元刻板印象威胁是指消极元刻板印象所导致的群体成员的一种社会心理困境和认知不平衡状态,会诱发压力和害怕体验,进而损害其行为表现。基于群际焦虑模型,本研究拟考查元刻板印象、群际焦虑、自尊等因素对群际关系的影响,具体为贫困大学生消极元刻板印象对群际关系的影响及群际焦虑的中介作用、自尊的调节作用。研究以江苏省徐州市某高校的158名贫困大学生为被试,通过操控指导语的方式将其随机分为威胁组（消极元刻板印象激活组）和无威胁组（元刻板印象未激活组）。结果如下：（1）威胁组被试的群际焦虑水平显著高于无威胁组,群际关系水平显著低于无威胁组;（2）群际焦虑在元刻板印象威胁与群际关系间起中介作用,自尊在前半路径（元刻板印象和群际焦虑间）和后半路径（群际焦虑与群际关系间）均起调节作用。结论：激活贫困大学生消极元刻板印象会对群际关系产生威胁效应。     

Cultural worldviews and climate change: A view from China

We investigated the association between cultural worldviews and climate change risk perceptions, support for climate friendly policies and climate change mitigation behaviours in a large Chinese sample. Items from Dake's cultural theory scales and Kahan's cultural cognition scale were presented to a Qualtrics online panel consisting of 515 Mandarin‐speaking residents of Beijing. A series of factor analyses revealed that the combined item sets were best represented by four‐dimensions: hierarchism, individualism, egalitarianism and fatalism. Mediation analysis revealed that respondents with egalitarian and non‐fatalist worldviews perceived greater risk associated with climate change, which in turn predicted greater support for policies to manage climate change and increased mitigation behaviour. In addition, respondents who scored high on individualism were less likely to support climate change policies, but this effect was not mediated by risk perceptions. Overall, our results suggest cultural worldviews may influence policy support both directly and indirectly through risk perceptions.     

Object representations are biased toward each other through statistical learning

The visual system is remarkably efficient at extracting regularities from the environment through statistical learning. While such extraction has extensive consequences on cognition, it is unclear how statistical learning shapes the representations of the individual objects that comprise the regularities. Here we examine how statistical learning alters object representations. In three experiments, participants were exposed to either random arrays containing objects in a random order, or structured arrays containing object pairs where two objects appeared next to each other in fixed spatial or temporal configurations. After exposure, one object in each pair was briefly presented and participants judged the location or the orientation of the object without seeing the other object in the pair. We found that when an object reliably appeared next to another object in space, it was judged as being closer to the other object in space even though the other object was never presented (Experiments 1 and 2). Likewise, when an object reliably preceded another object in time, its orientation was biased toward the orientation of the other object even though the other object was never presented (Experiment 3). These results demonstrated that statistical learning fundamentally shapes how individual objects are represented in visual memory, by biasing the representation of one object toward its co-occurring partner. Importantly, participants in all experiments were not explicitly aware of the regularities. Thus, the bias in object representations was implicit. The current study reveals a novel impact of statistical learning on object representation: spatially co-occurring objects are represented as being closer in space, and temporally co-occurring objects are represented as having more similar features.     

教师工作压力与职业枯竭的关系：职业承诺的调节效应

应用工作压力、职业枯竭和职业承诺问卷对中小学教师2114人进行调查,主要探讨职业承诺对工作压力与职业枯竭关系的调节效应。结果发现：工作压力与职业枯竭的情绪衰竭、非人性化、认知枯竭具有显著正相关,情感承诺、规范承诺与职业枯竭具有显著负相关;教师职业承诺以及所包括的情感承诺、留职承诺、规范承诺对工作压力与职业枯竭关系具有负向调节效应;不同教龄段教师在职业枯竭不同方面存在差异。     

自上而下注意控制的脑成像研究进展

自上而下的注意控制是调节人类各种认知活动的一种重要执行功能,本文从三个方面总结了该领域内脑成像研究的新进展：(1)自上而下注意控制的脑机制;(2)不同种类的注意控制脑机制的一致性;(3)自上而下的注意控制对其它皮层中神经活动的影响。