Memory guidance in distractor suppression is governed by the availability of cognitive control

Information stored in the memory systems can affect visual search. Previous studies have shown that holding the to-be-ignored features of distractors in working memory (WM) could accelerate target selection. However, such facilitation effect was only observed when the cued to-be-ignored features remained unchanged within an experimental block (i.e., the fixed cue condition). No search benefit was obtained if the to-be-ignored features varied from trial to trial (i.e., the varied cue condition). In the present study, we conducted three behavioral experiments to investigate whether the WM and long-term memory (LTM) representations of the to-be-ignored features could facilitate visual search in the fixed cue (Experiment 1) and varied cue (Experiments 2 and 3) conditions. Given the importance of the processing time of cognitive control in distractor suppression, we divided visual search trials into five quintiles based on their reaction times (RTs) and examined the temporal characteristics of the suppression effect. Results showed that both the WM and LTM representations of the to-be-ignored features could facilitate distractor suppression in the fixed cue condition, and the facilitation effects were evident across the quintiles in the RT distribution. However, in the varied cue condition, the RT benefits of the WM-matched distractors occurred only in the trials with the longest RTs, whereas no advantage of the LTM-matched distractors was observed. These results suggest that the effective WM-guided distractor suppression depends on the availability of cognitive control and the LTM-guided suppression occurs only if sufficient WM resource is accessible by LTM reactivation.     

调节效应与中介效应的比较和应用

讨论了调节变量的概念和调节效应分析方法,并简要介绍了中介变量的概念和中介效应分析方法。从研究目的、关联概念、典型模型、变量的位置和功能、效应的估计和检验方法等角度,对调节变量和中介变量、调节效应和中介效应以及相应的模型做了系统的比较。作为应用例子,在儿童行为对同伴关系的影响研究中分析和比较了调节变量和中介变量。     

学习陈老开拓创新的精神，开展可持续发展心理学的研究

陈立教授是我国现代教育家和社会活动家,也是我国心理学的一代大师.陈老具有一种极为可贵的开拓创新精神.我们要认真学习陈老不断开拓创新的精神,努力开展我国可持续发展心理学的研究.可持续发展指利用世界资源满足人类的适当生活质量的生存.它关系到人类与其他物种的现时存在和未来延续,关系到国家兴亡、社会进步和世界安宁.当前,可持续发展心理学研究主要有6大课题(1)人的环境知觉、知识和评价;(2)环境烦扰、危险知觉、压力和生活质量;(3)环境研究中的认知、动机和社会因素;(4)可持续发展行为、生活方式和组织文化的概括化;(5)改变非可持续发展行为模式的方式和方法;(6)支持环境政策的形成和作出决策.     

论寿命学：2．梦想与现实

以人类最大寿命的相对有限性为基础,论述现阶段延长人类寿命面临的问题以及人类最大寿限演化的远景并着重指出依靠现行医疗模式延寿潜力的有限性以及改变医疗保健观念与运行体系的必要性。     

Functional relationships in the nuclear and extended family: A 16‐culture study

This study investigated the relationship between culture, structural aspects of the nuclear and extended family, and functional aspects of the family, that is, emotional distance, social interaction, and communication, as well as geographical proximity. The focus was on the functional aspects of family, defined as members of the nuclear family (mother, father, and their children) and the extended family (grandmother/grandfather, aunt/uncle, cousins). Sixteen cultures participated in this study, with a total number of 2587 participants. The first hypothesis, that the pattern of scores on the psychological measures and the behavioral outcomes are similar across cultures, an indication of cultural universality, was supported. The second hypothesis, that functional relations between members of the nuclear family and their kin are maintained in high‐affluent and low‐affluent cultures, and that differences in functional relationships in high‐ and low‐affluent cultures are a matter of degree, was also supported by the findings. The results suggest that it is less meaningful in cross‐cultural family studies to ask questions about the structure of the family, than to ask about the functional relationships between members of the nuclear family and their kin. In looking only at the nuclear family, one focuses only on those residing in the household, but ignores those important members of the extended family who may reside nearby and their significant relationships with the members of the nuclear family.     

脂肪细胞因子与2型糖尿病的防治

脂肪细胞因子与2型糖尿病并发症关系密切,随着对胰岛素抵抗(IRS)在2型糖尿病作用的认识,脂肪细胞因子的提出,使2型糖尿病并发症防治观念发生了根本的转变,提出了2型糖尿病并发症关防治新策略:从以降糖治疗为主到全面综合防治。对脂肪细胞因子和脂肪细胞因子与2型糖尿病并发症的关系的认识,体现了循证医学的思想和创新思维的启动。     

横琴粤澳深度合作区“两病”患者用药减免政策实施效果调查

为评估横琴“两病”患者用药减免政策实施效果,以为其他地区“两病”相关政策改革创新提供参考。从高血压和糖尿病患者费用减免、依存性、满意度等方面对“两病”患者开展问卷调查并评估政策实施效果。结果发现 “两病”用药减免政策执行效果较好,患者满意度较高,可以吸引并满足80%以上的患者在社区就诊,患者自付费用负担维持较低水平。同时建议继续扩大免费药品数量、扩大免费药品目录,进一步降低“两病”患者自付比例,扩大患者受益程度,全面降低“两病”患者负担。

     

规范化培养全科医生需要注意的几个问题

规范化培养全科医生是一项长期、复杂、艰巨的任务。过渡时期,规范化培养全科医生主要通过对基层医生的转岗培训、强化定向培养全科医生的技能培训、基层医生通过成人高等教育提升学历层次、三级医院医生到基层服务四种途径来实现。四种途径皆存在一些影响培养效果的弊端,需要进一步深入研究;着眼长远,规范化培养全科医生又容易受社会因素干扰,统一规范比较困难,全科医生制度容易流于形式等。保障全科医生的福利待遇并建立激励机制,增强职业认同感和岗位吸引力,是规范化培养全科医生保持持续活力的关键。     

论儒家伦理道德的普遍性与特殊性——以北宋理学家吕大临的思想的个案分析为例

本文试图以北宋理学家吕大临的思想的个案分析为例,探讨儒家伦理道德的普遍性与特殊性。文章通过对吕大临思想中的“性”、“仁”、“理义”、“天理”、“时中”等观念的解析,讨论了吕大临对儒家“道德法则”的普遍性和特殊性的看法以及他在处理两者之间关系方面的观点。     

记中国无神论者与美国基督教徒的一次对话(摘要)

人们的文化观、宗教观、价值观,一句话,属于观念形态的东西,至少在可以预见的将来,不可能被强制统一起来,尤其是在不同的国度和不同的民族之间,哪怕自称是如何如何的优秀。