A big fish or a small pond? Framing effects in percentages

This paper presents three studies that demonstrate people’s preference for a large percentage of a small subset over a small percentage of a large subset, when the net overall quantity is equated. Because the division of a set into subsets is often arbitrary, this preference represents a framing effect. The framing effect is particularly pronounced for large percentages. We propose that the effect has two causes: A partial neglect of the subset information, and a non-linear shaped function in the way people perceive percentages.     

Convergent Thinking Moderates the Relationship between Divergent Thinking and Scientific Creativity

Creativity plays an important role in human society as well as in individual development, and creativity in the domain of science is a specific form. A body of research had demonstrated the role of divergent thinking in creativity. The role of convergent thinking had also been recognized, but more empirical evidence was needed. To investigate the interaction between convergent and divergent thinking on adolescent scientific creativity, the current study tested 588 high school students. The results showed that convergent thinking interacted with fluency/flexibility of divergent thinking on scientific creativity. In particular, divergent thinking predicted creativity in those high in convergent thinking. Findings suggested a threshold-setting effect of convergent thinking, which meant only when convergent thinking capacity reached a certain level, divergent thinking could play a role in scientific creativity. Implications for future research and educational practice were discussed.     

程度函数及其可靠性

通过实验及理论分析,验证并给出了：１．程度函数ａ的可靠性θ的取值范围为：１／ｍ≤θ≤１／ｍ∑ｂｋｙｊｐ。θ值的大小与可靠性呈反向变化：ａ的可靠性大,θ值小,ａ的可靠性小θ值大,一般情况下的θ值,为θ的上界与下界之和的一半;２．采用集值统计模型和一般统计模型处理多级估量法多人次结果,所得到的程度函数平均数几乎相等,而且相关系数高达０．９７７．非常显著．分组数据计算、单一数据计算或全部数据统一计算的程度函数ａ及可靠性θ值也都相等．３．一般统计模型处理多级估量法多人次结果所得到的标准差σ,只反映各被试的程度函数之间的变异,与程度函数可靠性无关（相关系数０．００２４,非常不显著）．如果个人结果中按公式θ＝１／ｍ∑ｅｊ再计算可靠性θ值,然后再求其平均数及标准差,还可进一步了解可靠性θ值的变异情况．     

Microstructure and martensitic transformation behaviors of a Ti–Ni–Hf–Cu high-temperature shape memory alloy ribbon

The Ti₃₆Ni₄₁Hf₁₅Cu₈ melt-spun ribbon undergoes a B2 ? B19′ transformation upon cooling and heating. When the Ti₃₆Ni₄₁Hf₁₅Cu₈ melt-spun ribbon is annealed at 873 K for 1 h, the spherical (Ti, Hf)₂Ni particles with a diameter of 20–40 nm precipitate in the grain interior. The fine (Ti, Hf)₂Ni precipitates improve the stability of phase transformation temperatures and cause martensite domains, with (001) compound twins in three orientations dominant instead of (011) type I twins. {111}-, {113}- and (001)//{111}-type boundaries are observed among these martensite domains. When the (Ti,Hf)₂Ni precipitates coarsen, (011) type I twins become main martensite structures in the ribbon annealed at 973 K for 1 h.     

A novel lattice correspondence of B19 → B19′ transformation in Ti–Ni–Cu shape memory alloy thin film

In this study, we found a novel lattice correspondence of the B19–B19′ transformation in a Ti–Ni–Cu thin film: (1?1?1)_B19′//(0?0?1)_B19, [0, 1, 1]_B19′//[1?0?0]_B19. Near the coarse precipitate and the grain boundaries, the B19′ martensite forms with the novel lattice correspondence to product the (1?1?1) type I twinning instead of the usual (0?0?1) compound twinning. Crystallographic analyses show that the novel lattice correspondence results from the local stress concentration.     

Brief Report- Adults' Freely Produced Emotion Labels for Babies' Spontaneous Facial Expressions

English-speaking Canadian, Cantonese-speaking Hong Kong Chinese, and Japanese speaking Japanese adults were shown 13 still photographs of the facial expressions of Chinese babies subjected to various emotion-elicitation procedures. Some respondents were asked to give an emotion label of their choice for each photograph, others to judge its pleasant-unpleasant quality. Only facial expressions taken during the “happy”; condition showed agreement by a majority across all three cultural samples on a specific basic emotion. Agreement on the pleasant-unpleasant quality of the baby's expressions was higher, but still varied with culture.     

Coping skills training for children: effects on distress before, during, and after hospitalization for surgery

Thirty-three parent-child dyads (children's mean age = 7.2 years, SD = 1.2) were randomly assigned to information, anxiety reduction, or coping skills presurgical preparatory interventions. All groups received the "information" procedure that described typical hospitalization and surgery experiences via a puppetry film viewed 1 week prior to hospital admission. In the anxiety reduction group, parents also learned procedures (e.g., relaxation) to help them reduce their own distress. Parents in the coping skills group learned how to help their children use coping self-talk and related techniques. The coping skills intervention was expected to assist children most effectively, although the anxiety reduction procedure was also expected to improve adaptation relative to the information condition. These hypotheses were generally supported. Anxiety reduction and coping skills groups, compared to the information group, reduced children's self-reported fearfulness and parents' reported distress. Furthermore, only the coping skills group, compared to the information group, exhibited fewer maladaptive behaviors during hospitalization (ratings by observers) and less problematic behavior in the preadmission week and second postdischarge week (daily parental diaries). Theoretical explanations for these results are discussed in light of the similar findings obtained by Peterson and Shigetomi (1981).     

4—8岁儿童对部分—整体图形知觉发展的实验研究

本实验使用9张部分和整体各有不同意义的图形研究了98名4—8岁儿童知觉的发展水平和特点。结果表明:1)儿童既知觉部分又知觉整体的能力随年龄而增长,2)儿童知觉部分图形的年龄比知觉整体图形的年龄早,3)8岁儿童大部分可以做到知觉部分又知觉整体;教育条件优越时可以提前到6岁,由此可见儿童部分—整体图形知觉能力的发展水平与教育条件有密切关系。     

关于认知方式的实验研究——场依存性特征对学习和图形后效的影响

本文报告了关于认知方式的两个实验研究。第一个实验通过镶嵌图形测验与少年儿童学习能力测验和课业成绩的比较,发现场独立性越强,数学能力越好,但与语文学习无关。第二个实验比较分析了在图形后效中附加参照物对于场依存性和场独立性的不同效应,发现附加参照物对于场依存性强的人的斜线图形后效有显著的影响,而对场独立性强的人影响不大。另外,本实验显示了在认知方式上存在着一定的性别差异。     

单亲家庭儿童相对剥夺感与心理适应的循环作用关系：一项追踪研究

本研究基于经典相对剥夺理论和发展情境理论, 采用纵向设计, 以湖北省某地区273名单亲家庭儿童为被试, 进行连续3次的追踪测查, 考察单亲家庭儿童相对剥夺感与心理适应的特点及其循环作用关系。结果发现: (1)单亲家庭男生的抑郁和孤独感水平比女生高; 贫困单亲家庭儿童的相对剥夺感、抑郁和孤独感水平比非贫困单亲家庭儿童高, 自尊水平比非贫困单亲家庭儿童低; (2)控制了性别、学段和家庭经济状况后, 在个体内水平上T1时的相对剥夺感显著负向预测T2时的心理适应, 进而显著负向预测T3时的相对剥夺感, 同时T2时的相对剥夺感也能显著负向预测T3时的心理适应; (3)相对剥夺感与心理适应的循环作用在不同家庭经济状况单亲儿童中存在显著差异, 贫困单亲家庭儿童的心理适应对其相对剥夺感的作用比非贫困单亲家庭儿童更大。可见, 单亲家庭儿童的相对剥夺感与心理适应存在循环作用关系, 即前测(T_n)的相对剥夺感会导致后测(T_n+1)的心理适应不良, 进而影响后测(T_n+2)的相对剥夺感, 研究结果对于单亲家庭儿童心理适应的干预具有一定启示意义。