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A comparison of forward and backward procedures for the acquisition of response chains in humans
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Weiss KM 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1978,29(2):255-259
Ten university students each learned four separate six-link response chains, two forward and two backward. All 10 subjects made fewer errors in the forward procedure. It was concluded that the forward procedure is superior because each link of the response chain is acquired by direct reinforcement. 相似文献
204.
Examination of measurement invariance tests the assumption that the model underlying a set of test scores is directly comparable across groups. The observation of measurement invariance provides fundamental evidence for the inference that scores on a test afford equivalent measurement of the same psychological traits among diverse groups. Groups may be derived from different psychosocial backgrounds or different clinical presentations. In the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III)/Wechsler Memory Scale-III (WMS-III) Technical Manual (Psychological Corporation, 2002), there appears to be a breakdown in factor structure among the standardization cases in older adults. In this study, the authors evaluated the invariance of the measurement model of the WAIS-III across 5 age bands. All components of the measurement model were examined. Overall, the evidence pointed to invariance across age of a modified 4-factor model that included cross-loadings for the Similarities and Arithmetic subtests. These results support the utility of the WAIS-III as a measure of stable intelligence traits across a wide age range. 相似文献
205.
Howse JL Weiss M Green NS 《Mental retardation and developmental disabilities research reviews》2006,12(4):280-287
Expansion of newborn screening (NBS) has been driven primarily by a combination of advances in technology and medical treatment, and the sustained advocacy efforts of consumers and voluntary health organizations. The longstanding leadership of the March of Dimes has been credited by many as a critical factor in the expansion and improvement of state NBS programs. From the historic vantage point of four decades of March of Dimes involvement with newborn screening, this report reviews the unique origin of the first newborn screening test, and identifies from this point of origin several of the elements which still define the evolution of advocacy for NBS today. It also documents activities at the federal level and in seven states that have lead to expanded screening for newborns. Advances in NBS technology and medical treatment have informed policy development. Mobilization of volunteers and focused advocacy activities have brought about expansion of screening opportunities for newborns across the United States. But more work is needed. Continued application of the effective strategies identified in this report will help assure that all families have the best possible chance of assuring that their newborns do not have to suffer the complications of conditions that we know can be treated effectively. 相似文献
206.
Six personality factors, including five resembling the human Big Five, had previously been identified in a separate group of zoo-housed chimpanzees. Comparability of chimpanzee personality factor structure was examined in two highly contrasting habitats: zoos and a large African sanctuary. Questionnaires for the zoo chimpanzees were in English, while most for the chimpanzees in the sanctuary were in French. Differences between the two settings were sufficiently extensive to make them analogous to cross-national human personality studies. Internal consistencies for five of the six factors did not differ between the two samples. The patterns of correlations between the unit-weighted factors were also similar for the two samples. Data from these two samples were pooled and factor analyzed. The resulting factor structure was then rotated to the factor structure described in the original study of chimpanzee personality. Dominance, Extraversion, Dependability, and Agreeableness had high congruences. Emotionality and Openness did not, but the items that had the highest loadings were consistent with the factors' definitions. Finally, sex and age effects for all factors generalized across habitats. 相似文献
207.
Psychobiology of altered states of consciousness 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Vaitl D Birbaumer N Gruzelier J Jamieson GA Kotchoubey B Kübler A Lehmann D Miltner WH Ott U Pütz P Sammer G Strauch I Strehl U Wackermann J Weiss T 《Psychological bulletin》2005,131(1):98-127
The article reviews the current knowledge regarding altered states of consciousness (ASC) (a) occurring spontaneously, (b) evoked by physical and physiological stimulation, (c) induced by psychological means, and (d) caused by diseases. The emphasis is laid on psychological and neurobiological approaches. The phenomenological analysis of the multiple ASC resulted in 4 dimensions by which they can be characterized: activation, awareness span, self-awareness, and sensory dynamics. The neurophysiological approach revealed that the different states of consciousness are mainly brought about by a compromised brain structure, transient changes in brain dynamics (disconnectivity), and neurochemical and metabolic processes. Besides these severe alterations, environmental stimuli, mental practices, and techniques of self-control can also temporarily alter brain functioning and conscious experience. 相似文献
208.
This study evaluated the post-treatment outcome effects of a classroom-based social skills program for pre-kindergarten children,
using a teacher-consultation model. The pre-K RECAP (Reaching Educators, Children, and Parents) program is a semi-structured,
cognitive-behavioral skills training program that provides teachers with in-classroom consultation on program implementation
and classroom-wide behavior management. Data on children's social skills and behavior problems were collected from parents
and teachers at pre- and post-treatment, for 149 children aged 4–5 years (of whom 56% were girls). Significant treatment effects
were found for teacher but not parent reports, with treatment group children improving significantly more than comparison
group children in their teacher-rated social skills and internalizing and externalizing problems. These results provide some
preliminary support for the efficacy of the program on children's social skills and behavior problems, and for a teacher-consultation
model for training teachers to implement school-based mental health programs. 相似文献
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