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11.
Tool use is of great interest for cognitive research, largely because it can be particularly revealing about the underlying
information processing mechanisms. Tool use that is inflexible or requires extensive experience to change, and that is only
addressed towards specific targets such as food, is not likely to reflect unusual or particularly complex cognition. On the
contrary, if tools are employed flexibly and for a variety of innovative purposes, then conventional combinations of inherited
predispositions and associative learning are challenged and interesting questions emerge. Since New Caledonian crows (Corvus moneduloides) are especially adept at using and making tools for food extraction, we decided to examine their ability to generalise this
to other contexts. We recorded how five pairs of New Caledonian crows interacted with novel objects that were not associated
with food. We observed eight occasions in which the first contact with the novel object was mediated by a tool, suggesting
that the function of the tool was for exploration. This is the first report of non-foraging tool use in New Caledonian crows,
and it implies that the cognitive operations controlling tool-oriented behaviour in this species are more general than previously
thought. 相似文献
12.
Language functioning after bilateral prefrontal leukotomy 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
D T Stuss D F Benson R Clermont C L Della Malva E F Kaplan W S Weir 《Brain and language》1986,28(1):66-70
Three groups of patients with orbital frontal lesions secondary to leukotomy were compared to psychiatric and normal control groups on a series of tasks involving language. The results indicated that chronic orbital frontal lesions, at least in the patients in this study, do not affect language as defined by the tasks used in the study. The frontal lobes, when implicated in language, appear to require dorsal-lateral or medial cortical involvement. 相似文献
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A central assumption in portfolio theory of risk preference is that for games with expected value constant the preference ordering of an individual should exhibit a single peaked preference function. This assumption was tested by determining the level of stochastic transitivity satisfied by triples of pairwise preference proportions among eight gambles. In only a small percentage of cases were the predicted levels of stochastic transitivity not satisfied. It was concluded that the results provided strong support for portfolio theory. 相似文献
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Hodges NJ Kerr T Starkes JL Weir PL Nananidou A 《Journal of experimental psychology. Applied》2004,10(4):219-237
In Studies 1 and 2, the authors evaluated deliberate practice theory through analyses of the relationship between practice and performance for 2 populations of athletes: triathletes and swimmers, respectively. In Study 3, the authors obtained evaluations of practice from athletes' diaries. Across athletes, length of time involved in fitness activities was not related to performance. For the triathletes, a significant percentage of variance in performance was captured by practice. This was not so for sprint events for the swimmers, in which gender was a significant predictor. In the diaries, physical activities were perceived as enjoyable. In contrast to the results obtained from questionnaires, enjoyment did not covary with an activity's relevance to improving performance. Although these findings highlight the importance of sport-specific practice, the authors question a domain-independent account of expertise based on deliberate practice. 相似文献
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Kathleen A. Moore M. Scott Young John M. Weir Ezra Ochshorn 《Contemporary Family Therapy》2007,29(3):129-145
Increasing evidence indicates that adolescent behavior problems are related to family functioning. In general, findings have
demonstrated the family’s critical role in facilitating developmental outcomes. This study evaluated a 6-week holistic program
for at-risk teens and their parents entitled Creating a Responsible Thinker at baseline, post-test, and 3-month follow-up.
Results demonstrated gender differences in the program’s effects on self-efficacy, specifically increased self-efficacy for
females and reduced self-efficacy among males. Follow-up results suggested that teens reported better communication with their
parents. These results underscore the appropriateness of a family-based approach to treatment for at-risk teens and their
parents. 相似文献
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