不同戒断期海洛因戒断者情绪加工的损伤和恢复

成瘾过程伴随着一系列心理和脑机能的改变.已有研究表明,海洛因成瘾者存在对情绪刺激的加工缺陷.这些认知变化被认为与成瘾者脑内“奖赏系统”功能紊乱有关,但这种认知功能缺陷是否随着戒断进行而有所恢复还未得到明确结论.该研究采用ERP技术,记录了控制组、短期戒断组、中期戒断组和长期戒断组被试在情绪刺激加工过程中的神经电活动.结果发现,与中性刺激相比,长期组与控制组一致,正、负性刺激诱发被试更大的P300和SPW平均波幅,两类情绪刺激诱发的SPW波幅差异不显著;中期组被试的正性和负性刺激诱发的P300和SPW波幅都显著大于中性刺激,且负性刺激诱发的两成分的波幅显著大于正性刺激;短期组被试的负性刺激引起的P300和SPW波幅显著大于中性和正性刺激,但是正性和中性刺激诱发的P300或SPW波幅之间差异不显著.结果表明,随着戒断进行,海洛因戒断者情绪加工能力有所改善,主要表现在对正性情绪刺激加工能力的恢复.     

预防性气管切开在上段食管癌手术中的效用

探讨预防性气管切开在伴慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)且长期大量吸烟的上段食管癌术后的应用,分析其对患者术后肺部感染、低氧血症、心律失常的影响.回顾性分析我科2011年6月~2013年1月伴有COPD及长期大量吸烟的上段食管癌行手术切除颈部吻合的病例,并分为预防性气管切开组和非预防性气管切开组.统计并分析两组术后肺部感染、低氧血症、心律失常等并发症的发生情况.结果对于上段食管癌行根治手术的患者,尤其是伴有长期大量吸烟及COPD的患者来说,预防性气管切开可以起到预防术后呼吸道并发症的发生,并能减少术后心律失常的发生的作用,其可以做为上段食管癌重症患者的一种预防围手术期并发症的方式.     

On the Role of Goal Orientation Traits and Self-Efficacy in the Goal-Setting Process: Distinctions That Make a Difference

We conducted a field study to investigate how goal orientation traits and two variants of self-efficacy affect the goal-setting process and, in turn, performance. Participants were 255 college students enrolled in psychology or biochemistry courses at a large east-coast university in the People's Republic of China. Structural equation modeling analyses largely supported the argument that self-efficacy defined as a trait interacts with goal orientation traits, whereas self-efficacy defined as a state mediates the trait effects in the goal-setting process. The specific Trait × Trait interaction form was consistent with Dweck's original goal orientation theory and Brockner's behavior plasticity theory.     

Supportive school climate and student willingness to seek help for bullying and threats of violence

This study investigated the relations between student perceptions of support and student willingness to seek help for bullying and threats of violence in a sample of 7318 ninth-grade students from 291 high schools who participated in the Virginia High School Safety Study. Hierarchical linear modeling indicated that students who perceived their teachers and other school staff to be supportive were more likely to endorse positive attitudes toward seeking help for bullying and threats of violence. In schools with more perceived support, there was less of a discrepancy in help-seeking attitudes between girls and boys. Findings suggest that efforts by school staff to provide a supportive climate are a potentially valuable strategy for engaging students in the prevention of bullying and threats of violence.     

中国人口老龄化和社会转型背景下的社会代际关系

与以血缘及婚姻为基准的家庭代际关系不同,社会代际关系是一种社会秩序,也是一种社会结构,直接反映了社会利益在代际之间的分配状况.在人口老龄化和社会转型背景下,我国的社会代际关系呈现出新的特点,并将对社会经济发展产生重大影响.本文在探究社会代际关系的实质、内容和特征基础上,从法律规则、行政规制和社会规范等方面,探讨了如何构建我国社会代际关系调节机制.     

Chronic administration of troxerutin protects mouse brain against d-galactose-induced impairment of cholinergic system

Previous evidence showed that administration of d-galactose (d-gal) increased ROS production and resulted in impairment of cholinergic system. Troxerutin, a natural bioflavonoid, has been reported to have many benefits and medicinal properties. In this study, we evaluated the protective effect of troxerutin against d-gal-induced impairment of cholinergic system, and explored the potential mechanism of its action. Our results displayed that troxerutin administration significantly improved behavioral performance of d-gal-treated mice in step-through test and morris water maze task. One of the potential mechanisms of this action was decreased AGEs, ROS and protein carbonyl levels in the basal forebrain, hippocampus and front cortex of d-gal-treated mice. Furthermore, our results also showed that troxerutin significantly inhibited cholinesterase (AchE) activity, increased the expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha 7 (nAchRα7) and enhanced interactions between nAchRα7 and either postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) or N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors subunit 1 (NMDAR1) in the basal forebrain, hippocampus and front cortex of d-gal-treated mice, which could help restore impairment of brain function.     

Design and Development of a Course in Professionalism and Ethics for CDIO Curriculum in China

At Shantou University (STU) in 2008, a stand-alone engineering ethics course was first included within a Conceive–Design–Implement–Operate (CDIO) curriculum to address the scarcity of engineering ethics education in China. The philosophy of the course design is to help students to develop an in-depth understanding of social sustainability and to fulfill the obligations of engineers in the twenty-first century within the context of CDIO engineering practices. To guarantee the necessary cooperation of the relevant parties, we have taken advantage of the top-down support from the STU administration. Three themes corresponding to contemporary issues in China were chosen as the course content: engineers’ social obligations, intellectual property and engineering safety criteria. Some popular pedagogies are used for ethics instruction such as case studies and group discussions through role-playing. To impart the diverse expertise of the practical professional practice, team teaching is adopted by interdisciplinary instructors with strong qualifications and industrial backgrounds. Although the assessment of the effectiveness of the course in enhancing students’ sense of ethics is limited to assignment reports and class discussions, our endeavor is seen as positive and will continue to sustain the CDIO reform initiatives of STU.     

延展认知论及其争议

随着第二代认知科学思潮的出现,延展认知作为其中的代表之一受到越来越多的关注。延展认知论认为,人的认知过程可以超越颅骨和体肤的限制,延展到外部实体上,认知主体和外部世界构成了巨型的认知耦合系统。延展认知论的出现有助于拓宽研究者的理论视野,使人们对"心-身-环境"的关系产生新的认识,并对认知科学的实际应用有重要贡献。然而同任何心理学的新理论一样,延展认知论观点一经提出也引起了广泛争议。     

A Note on Confidence Intervals for Two-Group Latent Mean Effect Size Measures

This note suggests delta method implementations for deriving confidence intervals for a latent mean effect size measure for the case of 2 independent populations. A hypothetical kindergarten reading example using these implementations is provided, as is supporting LISREL syntax.