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71.
By adjusting the orientation of, and separation between, two free-standing dots, Ss indicated directions and distances associated with the Poggendorff display (a transversal interrupted by parallel lines). Judged distance between parallels (with transversal absent) increased slightly when additional interior parallels were added; this Oppel effect can be interpreted as contour repulsion. Errors in judging the orientation of an actual transversal segment were too small to account for the Poggendorff effect. The usual large errors occurred for estimates of the orientation of the missing transversal segment between the parallel lines. Cognitive mistracking adequately describes the Poggendorff effect. Mistracking is a function of the angle subtended between transversal and parallels, and of the orientation of the entire display. 相似文献
72.
Sheldon A. Weintraub 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1973,1(3):292-307
The construct of self-control was explored as a correlate of the Internalizing-Externalizing symptom dimension.Ss were 11–13-year-old boys including 26 Internalizers with neurotic-like behavior problems, 40 Externalizers with acting-out behavior problems, and 26 normals. Each group was equally divided on the basis of social-class status. Results of measures on delay of gratification, reflection-impuisivity, and foresight and planning indicated that the normals exhibited the greatest degree of self-control and the Externalizers the least, while the Internalizes maintained an intermediate position. Consistent social-class differences were not found, but the factor of social class did heighten the differences within the Internalizers and Externalizers.This study is based on a doctoral dissertation submitted to the Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota. Norman Garmezy gave invaluable advice and guidance at every stage of the project. The research was supported by National Institute of Mental Health Grants MH-06170 and MH-14914 to N. Garmezy, and MH-21154 to S. Weintraub. 相似文献
73.
Daniel J. Weintraub 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1993,53(2):231-238
For the Poggendorff display (transversal interrupted by parallel lines), the typical distance-misperception theory postulates that a particular linear distance extending across the empty space between parallels is underestimated; examples are the intertransversal slant distance defined by the closest ends of the transversal segments (a “wings-in Müller-Lyer like” underestimation) or the perpendicular distance between parallels (parallels “attract”). Distance misperception by itself, however, can neither establish that perceived transversal misalignment exists for a Poggendorff display nor specify the perceivedlocation conditions) that will produce perceptual collinearity. The perceptual displacement vector is introduced as a means of specifying fully the perceptual mislocation (displacement) of one transversal segment with respect to the other. Given this vector information (direction as well as distance), the logical soundness of theories postulating distance or location misperception were evaluated, and they were compared on the basis of extant data. Such vector information can be used to evaluate other classes of theories as well. 相似文献
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76.
Ebbinghaus illusion: context, contour, and age influence the judged size of a circle amidst circles 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
D J Weintraub 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》1979,5(2):353-364
Subjects (groups of age 6, 8, 10, 12, and 21 years, with 60 or more persons per group) made comparative size judgments between a single circle and a standard circle that was flanked by four context circles. The context circles varied in diameter, proximity to the standard circle, and amount of circumference displayed. (When circumferences are complete, the display is the usual Ebbinghaus configuration. A variant consisted of the Ebbinghaus display with the outer three quarters of each context-circle circumference removed.) A contour-plus-context theory accounts for the data: Contours attract at every age level, and context (size of flanking circles relative to the standard circle) leads to constrast in judged size beyond age 6. Contour and context effects decreased with decreasing proximity between context circles and the standard circle. 相似文献
77.
Ronald J. Prinz Gary Swan Diane Liebert Sheldon Weintraub John M. Neale 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1978,6(4):493-501
The Adjustment Scales for Sociometric Evaluation of Secondary-School Students (ASSESS) was designed to assess peer ratings of the behavior of male and female adolescents. Five scales were developed and crossvalidated: Aggression-Disruptiveness, Withdrawal, Anxiety, Social Competence, and Academic Difficulty. Evidence of adequate internal consistency and testretest reliability was presented. Evaluations by male and female classmates were highly correlated. Sex and age differences accounted for only a small proportion of the total variance.This research was supported by Grant MH-21145 from the National Institute of Mental Health and funds from W. T. Grant Foundation. We wish to acknowledge the assistance of Ronda Brooks, Lina Jandorf, and Jean Sullivan in conducting the data collection, as well as the many school districts that have cooperated. 相似文献
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79.
When deciding a criminal's punishment, people typically exhibit both retributive and consequentialist motives in their decision making, though retribution's role may be stronger. This study aimed to discern possible functions of retribution by examining a population predicted to be deficient in retributive drive. Participants who rated either high or low in psychopathic traits read stories about a homicide. These stories were designed to evoke both retribution and the consequentialist motive of behavior control by varying, respectively, criminal intent and likelihood of recidivism. The participants then recommended a length of confinement for the offender. Individuals high in psychopathic traits were uniquely insensitive to retributive cues, and they were particularly consequentialist in their punishment of criminal offenders. These results clarify aspects of psychopathic aggression and corroborate the hypothesis that retribution may stabilize cooperative behavior. 相似文献
80.
Integrity of Literature on Expressed Emotion and Relapse in Patients with Schizophrenia Verified by a p‐Curve Analysis
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Marc J. Weintraub Daniel L. Hall Julia Y. Carbonella Amy Weisman de Mamani Jill M. Hooley 《Family process》2017,56(2):436-444
There is growing concern that much published research may have questionable validity due to phenomena such as publication bias and p‐hacking. Within the psychiatric literature, the construct of expressed emotion (EE) is widely assumed to be a reliable predictor of relapse across a range of mental illnesses. EE is an index of the family climate, measuring how critical, hostile, and overinvolved a family member is toward a mentally ill patient. No study to date has examined the evidential value of this body of research as a whole. That is to say, although many studies have shown a link between EE and symptom relapse, the integrity of the literature from which this claim is derived has not been tested. In an effort to confirm the integrity of the literature of EE predicting psychiatric relapse in patients with schizophrenia, we conducted a p‐curve analysis on all known studies examining EE (using the Camberwell Family Interview) to predict psychiatric relapse over a 9‐ to 12‐month follow‐up period. Results suggest that the body of literature on EE is unbiased and has integrity, as there was a significant right skew of p‐values, a nonsignificant left skew of p‐values, and a nonsignificant test of flatness. We conclude that EE is a robust and valuable predictor of symptom relapse in schizophrenia. 相似文献