大学生和研究生心理压力情况的调查研究

采用<中国大学生心理应激量表>(CCSPSS)对全国七个地区23所大学的7462名大学生和研究生进行采样调查,以比较不同学生群体的心理压力情况.结果表明,男生总的心理压力水平和学习压力均显著高于女生.从整体上看,本科学生所承受的总的心理压力、学习压力、生活压力、发展压力和社交压力都显著大于研究生.在本科学生中,二年级学生总的心理压力最大,其次为三年级,一年级和四年级.各专业的学生所感受到的总的心理压力没有显著差异.来自于农村和小城镇的学生所承受的由家庭问题所引起的压力和社交压力均显著大于来自于城市的学生.     

医生的双重角色与医疗费用的控制

对我国政府在控制医疗费用方面的改革方法及结果进行分析,指出控制需求方不是遏制医疗费用上涨的关键.由于供方在医患委托一代理关系中所担任的双重角色与双方所处的信息不对称地位,以及当前机制没有对供方施加有效的激励约束,极易发生供方诱导行为,得出控制供方才是降低医疗费用的关键.     

记忆提取促进学习:实验证据与机制解释

人类学习的主流观点认为学习主要发生在编码阶段,记忆提取本身并不产生和促进学习。但最近多项研究对此提出了质疑,他们发现,在学习过程中,记忆提取更能促进学习内容的长时保持。本文首先对记忆提取促进学习的实验证据做简要梳理;之后重点介绍关于记忆提取促进学习的多种解释机制,主要包括:侧重于从理论机制层面解释的记忆失用新理论,强调内在精细机制的精细提取假设,以及解释保持间隔(长、短)与学习方式(重复学习、学习-测试)交互作用的基于分布的二分模型;文章最后分析了当前研究记忆提取作用实验存在的一些问题,提出了今后的研究方向,强调应从多角度揭示记忆提取练习促进学习的机制。     

刻板印象激活的行为效应

刻板印象激活的行为效应是指刻板印象激活后个体所产生的行为变化。本文介绍了西方关于刻板印象激活的行为效应的两种主要机制,即刻板印象威胁理论和观念运动理论,并对两种理论进行了分析和比较。     

Hoarding in obsessive compulsive disorder: results from a case-control study

Hoarding occurs relatively frequently in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and there is evidence that patients with hoarding symptoms have more severe OCD and are less responsive to treatment. In the present study, we investigated hoarding symptoms in 126 subjects with OCD. Nearly 30% of the subjects had hoarding symptoms; hoarding was twice as prevalent in males than females. Compared to the 90 non-hoarding subjects, the 36 hoarding individuals had an earlier age at onset of, and more severe, obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Hoarders had greater prevalences of symmetry obsessions, counting compulsions, and ordering compulsions. Hoarders also had greater prevalences of social phobia, personality disorders, and pathological grooming behaviors (skin picking, nail biting, and trichotillomania). Hoarding and tics were more frequent in first-degree relatives of hoarding than non-hoarding probands. The findings suggest that the treatment of OCD patients with hoarding symptoms may be complicated by more severe OCD and the presence of co-occurring disorders. Hoarding appears to be transmitted in some OCD families and may differentiate a clinical subgroup of OCD.     

童年中期对抗行为的发展及其与同伴拒绝、同伴接纳的关系

采用教师报告法对1254名城市儿童的对抗行为发展进行追踪研究,并采用交叉滞后设计探讨了对抗行为与同伴拒绝/接纳间的关系.结果发现:(1)童年中期,对抗行为呈中等程度稳定性,并表现出随年龄下降的趋势;(2)男生的对抗行为水平显著高于女生;(3)交叉滞后分析发现,早期的同伴拒绝能显著正向预测后期的对抗行为,但早期同伴接纳不能预测后期的对抗行为;早期的对抗行为均能够显著预测后期的同伴拒绝以及同伴接纳.     

模糊容忍性量表的编制

在对以往相关理论和测量的分析基础上,为模糊容忍做出准确的定义,并参照MSTAT量表的“概括性的模糊定义”项目编制方法,编制模糊容忍性量表。对487名组织内勤员工的调查结果显示,模糊容忍性量表的17个项目聚合为3个维度,且有较好的内部一致性信度、结构效度和同时效度。结论：模糊容忍性量表具有可接受的心理测量学特征,可被用于测量中国人的模糊容忍性。     

The priming effect of translation equivalents across languages for concrete and abstract words

The present study used a masked priming paradigm and two language tasks (lexical decision, semantic categorical judgment) to investigate whether concrete and abstract words share the same degree of conceptual representation across languages for bilinguals. The results showed that the priming effect of translation equivalents did not differ for concrete and abstract words in the lexical decision task, in both prime-target directions (in Experiment 1). The same results were also found in the semantic categorical judgment task in either prime-target direction (in Experiment 2). Our results do not provide support for the representation difference hypothesis of concrete and abstract words of Distributed Representation Model (De Groot, 1992a, 1992b; Van Hell & De Groot, 1998), which assumes that concrete words share more semantic components in the conceptual representations across languages, compared with abstract words. Rather, our findings suggest that both concrete and abstract words have the same degree of overlap in conceptual representations across a bilingual's two languages.     

The Role of Identity Integration in Enhancing Creativity Among Mixed‐Race Individuals

Identity integration among bicultural individuals refers to the perception that their two cultural identities are compatible. Previous research has shown that identity integration is likely to lead to enhanced creativity. However, this research was conducted among first‐ and second‐generation immigrants, but not among mixed‐race individuals. The current research examined identity integration and creativity among mixed‐race individuals. We also explored the role of integrated identity experiences at home. We found that identity integration was related to increases in creativity; and this was partly mediated via integrated identity experiences at home. Our findings suggest that positive bicultural experiences at home may create a context for the individual to integrate their biracial identities; and this is ultimately beneficial for creativity.     

幸福感的中西差异:自我建构的视角

幸福感本质上是文化定位的,然而以往的幸福感研究大都只关注中西幸福感的共同性,而很少考虑两者的差异性。以中西自我建构的差异代表个人—集体主义文化的差异,通过对比中西自我建构与幸福感的差异,发现中西幸福感在本源、意义、联系与时间四个维度存在显著差异。中国人的幸福感具有明显的和谐性、价值性、社会性与未来性四个特征。中国人幸福感四个特征的确认为我国幸福感理论和应用研究的本土化提供了一个有价值的视角。