选择注意神经机制:前扣带皮层对躯体感觉输入的丘脑-皮层调制

本文阐述了认知神经科学关于选择注意发生在感知觉中枢信息流加工较早阶段以及前扣带皮层（ACC）在丘脑和初级感觉皮层水平调制躯体感觉输入的研究证据,揭示了ACC在感知觉信息加工早期的选择注意控制执行机能,以及实行该机能的神经途径。     

受欺负对抑郁情绪的影响:悲伤、愤怒反刍的中介作用及性别差异

为探究受欺负对于个体抑郁情绪的影响,以及反刍这一认知因素在其中的作用与性别差异,采用受欺负问卷、儿童应对方式问卷中的悲伤反刍分量表、愤怒反刍问卷、儿童抑郁量表对2582名初中二年级学生（男生1328人,女生1254人;平均年龄13.95岁,SD=0.60）进行问卷调查。结果发现：（1）受欺负与悲伤反刍、愤怒反刍、抑郁情绪均呈显著正相关;（2）受欺负、悲伤反刍、愤怒反刍均可显著正向预测个体的抑郁情绪,且悲伤反刍和愤怒反刍在受欺负和抑郁情绪的关系中发挥部分中介作用;（3）该模型存在性别差异。女生悲伤反刍对抑郁情绪的预测作用显著大于男生。研究从悲伤反刍和愤怒反刍的角度揭示了受欺负对青少年抑郁情绪的作用机制,为从认知水平上干预青少年心理健康问题提供了参考。     

身体姿势识别倒置效应量的连续性变化

以生理机制上整体可能身体姿势、整体不可能身体姿势和碎片身体姿势作为材料,系统操纵两个角度差为零的身体姿势偏离其竖直状态的角度,对错误率和反应时进行线性拟合。结果发现:(1)整体可能身体姿势、整体不可能身体姿势的识别错误率和反应时与其偏离直立状态角度之间可以拟合显著的线性关系,而碎片身体姿势的识别错误率和反应时与其偏离直立状态角度之间无法拟合显著的线性关系;(2)整体身体姿势(可能身体姿势和不可能的身体姿势)识别均出现了显著的倒置效应,而碎片身体姿势识别未出现倒置效应。这些结果表明身体姿势识别倒置效应量的延续性依赖于整体布局加工。     

A self-efficacy enhancing intervention for pulmonary rehabilitation based on motivational interviewing for postoperative lung cancers patients: modeling and randomized exploratory trial

The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a self-efficacy enhancing intervention designed for pulmonary rehabilitation based on motivational interviewing (MI) for postsurgical non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. This study was a 2-arm pilot randomized controlled trial and was conducted in two cardiothoracic surgery departments, a tertiary hospital in Fuzhou, China. 28 postsurgical NSCLC patients were randomized to a 3 month (6 session) self-efficacy enhancing intervention based on MI or usual care (UC). Data were measured at baseline and after intervention. The MI based self-efficacy enhancing intervention group was superior to the UC group for reducing anxiety and depression, improving self-efficacy, quality of life, confrontational coping, social support and functional capacity. However, no statistically significant difference was observed in subjective well-being, posttraumatic growth, body mass index and pulmonary function between the two groups. This pilot study demonstrated the feasibility of MI based self-efficacy enhancing intervention for postsurgical NSCLC patients. A larger randomized trial would demonstrate a more rigorous test of efficacy.     

Effects of dilemma type,language, and emotion arousal on utilitarian vs deontological choice to moral dilemmas in Chinese–English bilinguals

The present study examines how dilemma type (personal or impersonal moral dilemma), language (native or foreign) and emotion arousal to a dilemma could affect Chinese–English bilinguals' deontological vs utilitarian moral choices regarding 39 moral dilemmas. How emotion arousal plays a mediating role in the effects of dilemma type and language on moral choices is also investigated. As shown in multilevel analyses, participants made fewer utilitarian choices for personal dilemmas than impersonal dilemmas. Although emotion arousal of dilemmas significantly mediated this effect of dilemma type, the indirect effect of dilemma type through arousal on moral choices was inconsistent with the direct effect of dilemma type on moral choices. For the effect of language, participants made more utilitarian choices in the Footbridge (personal) dilemma that was presented in foreign language than in native language. However, this effect was not mediated by arousal, suggesting that it could not be attributed to the emotion‐reducing effect of foreign language. Moreover, there was no language effect on moral choices in analyses that included all 39 dilemmas or only 22 personal dilemmas, indicating the need in future research for further identifying the potential mediators that trigger the foreign language effect on moral choices.     

From self‐disclosure to prosocial behaviour: Feedback as a moderator

Prosocial behaviours and their correlates have been extensively studied; however, few studies have examined the linkage between self‐disclosure and prosocial behaviours. Three studies were conducted aimed at examining the relationship between self‐disclosure and prosocial tendencies, as well as the moderating role of feedback from the help provider's perspective. We hypothesized that participants' self‐disclosure was positively associated with his/her prosocial tendencies and that this association would be moderated by feedback received. The results generally support our hypotheses, and reveal that participants with higher levels of self‐disclosure tend to exhibit more prosocial tendencies (Studies 1 and 2), but this association was only true for those participants that received self‐disclosure feedback (Study 3). The present study suggests that, other than self‐disclosure, reciprocal feedback also plays an important role in promoting prosocial behaviours.     

人类基因组计划中的计算机科学

叙述了人类基因组计划（HGP）实施过程中计算机科学向基因组学领域的不断渗透及面临的挑战。基因组数据库及网络系统的构建与完善为基因组信息的交流提供了基础,一系列计算机软件的开发和改进简化了HGP这一繁重的劳动。在HGP的推动下,世界各大信息技术公司也加盟到基因组研究中,使生物学中融入了更多的计算机专业技能,有利于引进新的思维模式,开拓新的研究方法。但目前在基因组信息的交流与分析方面,标准化和精确性仍显不足,信息的处理能力也受到计算机存储量和运算速度的制约,这些问题将随着计算机科学的不断发展而逐渐解决。     

应对行为跨文化测评的构念等同与偏差性研究

本文对COPE量表测评我国大学生应对行为方式的构念等同与偏差性进行深入探讨。采用验证性因素分析的方法测试了原版量表(COPE)及其中文修订本(C-COPE)的不同因素结构模型与465名大学生测评数据的拟合优度。研究结果支持C—COPE的测评维度结构,表明COPE量表对我国人群所进行的应对测评与西方社会的相比确实存在跨文化构念不等同性或偏差性,两者测评结果的跨文化比较因此缺乏必要前提条件。文中对所发生的构念偏差现象进行了详细分析。     

Relations of perceived motivational climate and feelings of belonging in physical education in urban schools

The current pilot study examined the relationship between feelings of belonging and perceptions of motivational climate in physical education classes among 87 African-American, inner-city high school students (41 boys, 46 girls). Motivational climate was assessed by the Perceived Motivational Climate Questionnaire and feelings of belonging were assessed by the Belonging Scale. Contrary to the hypothesis, scores for both the task- and ego-involved subscales of the Perceived Motivational Climate Questionnaire had moderate positive correlations with scores on the Belonging Scale, indicating the relationship between these specific motivational climates and social-emotional outcomes in physical education is not clear and direct. Further research is warranted to assess these findings and to identify what experiences and instructional strategies are most effective in promoting social-emotional outcomes in physical education in urban schools.     

《管子》与《齐民要术》对读偶得

《管子》与《齐民要术》表有枝叶之异,而里则本根相连。二书在“重农思想”、“民本思想”、“大农业观”、“农时观”、“科技兴农思想”等方面,有着密切的关联性和相通性,甚至可以说相通相同、一脉相连;然而由于成书年代的不同,在“商业思想”方面却有很大差异。《齐民要术》重农而富民强国的思想是直接受了齐文化深刻影响的。《管子》与《齐民要术》可谓广义齐文化园地里的双璧。二书的智慧都对当今社会的新农村建设具有重大的启迪意义和借鉴价值。因而,如同《管子》一样,《齐民要术》亟需深入研究、有效开发和利用。