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91.
Clément Planchou Sylvain Clément Renée Béland Nia Cason Jacques Motte Séverine Samson 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2015,11(4):118-135
Background: Previous studies have reported that children score better in language
tasks using sung rather than spoken stimuli. We examined word detection ease in
sung and spoken sentences that were equated for phoneme duration and pitch
variations in children aged 7 to 12 years with typical language development
(TLD) as well as in children with specific language impairment (SLI ), and
hypothesized that the facilitation effect would vary with language abilities.
Method: In Experiment 1, 69 children with TLD (7–10 years old) detected words in
sentences that were spoken, sung on pitches extracted from speech, and sung on
original scores. In Experiment 2, we added a natural speech rate condition and
tested 68 children with TLD (7–12 years old). In Experiment 3, 16 children with
SLI and 16 age-matched children with TLD were tested in all four conditions.
Results: In both TLD groups, older children scored better than the younger ones.
The matched TLD group scored higher than the SLI group who scored at the level
of the younger children with TLD . None of the experiments showed a facilitation
effect of sung over spoken stimuli. Conclusions: Word detection abilities
improved with age in both TLD and SLI groups. Our findings are compatible with
the hypothesis of delayed language abilities in children with SLI , and are
discussed in light of the role of durational prosodic cues in words
detection. 相似文献
92.
Lenny Van Rosmalen René Van der Veer Frank Van der Horst 《Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences》2015,51(3):261-284
The American‐Canadian psychologist Mary Ainsworth (1913–1999) developed the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) to measure mother‐child attachment and attachment theorists have used it ever since. When Ainsworth published the first results of the SSP in 1969, it seemed a completely novel and unique instrument. However, in this paper we will show that the SSP had many precursors and that the road to such an instrument was long and winding. Our analysis of hitherto little‐known studies on children in strange situations allowed us to compare these earlier attempts with the SSP. We argue that it was the combination of Ainsworth's working experience with William Blatz and John Bowlby, her own research in Uganda and Baltimore, and the strong connection of the SSP with attachment theory, that made the SSP differ enough from the other strange situation studies to become one of the most widely used instruments in developmental psychology today. 相似文献
93.
94.
Dafan Du Jiang Wang Yves Fautrelle Zhongming Ren Rene Moreau 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2015,95(8):425-432
The application of a high magnetic field is capable of inducing the formation of aligned equiaxed grains in alloys during directional solidification. The alignment and refinement of the grains is enhanced as the magnetic field intensity increases. The thermoelectric power difference at the liquid/solid interface in four alloys has been measured in situ during directional solidification and it is concluded that the formation of aligned equiaxed grains in a magnetic field should be attributed to the combined action of a thermoelectric magnetic force and a magnetization force. 相似文献
95.
The directional solidification process of ternary Ag42.4Cu21.6Sb36 eutectic alloy within a wide growth rate range from 2 to 60 μm/s was accomplished at a constant temperature gradient of 50 K/cm. As growth rate increases, the ternary (θ(Cu2Sb) + ε(Ag3Sb) + Sb) eutectic morphology evolves from “lamellar (θ + ε) plus fibrous (Sb)” structure into “(θ + Sb) fibres in continuous ε matrix” structure. The θ and (Sb) phase spacings decrease with the increase of growth rate according to power functions with exponent values of 0.55 and 0.56, respectively. It is also found that the microhardness of directionally solidified Ag42.4Cu21.6Sb36 alloy samples is enhanced with the increase of growth rate, and the decrease of θ and (Sb) phase spacings. 相似文献
96.
97.
98.
Fitting direct covariance structures by the MSTRUCT modeling language of the CALIS procedure
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Yiu‐Fai Yung Michael W. Browne Wei Zhang 《The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology》2015,68(1):178-193
This paper demonstrates the usefulness and flexibility of the general structural equation modelling (SEM) approach to fitting direct covariance patterns or structures (as opposed to fitting implied covariance structures from functional relationships among variables). In particular, the MSTRUCT modelling language (or syntax) of the CALIS procedure (SAS/STAT version 9.22 or later: SAS Institute, 2010) is used to illustrate the SEM approach. The MSTRUCT modelling language supports a direct covariance pattern specification of each covariance element. It also supports the input of additional independent and dependent parameters. Model tests, fit statistics, estimates, and their standard errors are then produced under the general SEM framework. By using numerical and computational examples, the following tests of basic covariance patterns are illustrated: sphericity, compound symmetry, and multiple‐group covariance patterns. Specification and testing of two complex correlation structures, the circumplex pattern and the composite direct product models with or without composite errors and scales, are also illustrated by the MSTRUCT syntax. It is concluded that the SEM approach offers a general and flexible modelling of direct covariance and correlation patterns. In conjunction with the use of SAS macros, the MSTRUCT syntax provides an easy‐to‐use interface for specifying and fitting complex covariance and correlation structures, even when the number of variables or parameters becomes large. 相似文献
99.
Hippocampal train stimulation modulates recall of fear extinction independently of prefrontal cortex synaptic plasticity and lesions
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Farinelli M Deschaux O Hugues S Thevenet A Garcia R 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2006,13(3):329-334
It has been shown that long-term potentiation (LTP) develops in the connection between the mediodorsal thalamus (MD) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and between the hippocampus (HPC) and the mPFC following fear extinction, and correlates with extinction retention. However, recent lesion studies have shown that combined lesions of the MD and mPFC do not interfere with extinction learning and retention, while inactivation of the dorsal HPC disrupts fear extinction memory. Here we found in rats that immediate post-training HPC low-frequency stimulation (LFS) suppressed extinction-related LTP in the HPC-mPFC pathway and induced difficulties in extinction recall. HPC tetanus, applied several hours later, failed to re-establish mPFC LTP but facilitated recall of extinction. Delayed post-training HPC LFS also provoked mPFC depotentiation and difficulties with extinction recall. HPC tetanus abolished these two effects. We also found that damage to the mPFC induced fear return only in rats that received HPC LFS following extinction training. HPC tetanus also reversed this behavioral effect of HPC LFS in lesioned rats. These data suggest that the HPC interacts with the mPFC during fear extinction, but can modulate fear extinction independently of this interaction. 相似文献
100.
Electrolytic lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex do not interfere with long-term memory of extinction of conditioned fear
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Lesion studies indicate that rats without the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) have difficulty recalling fear extinction acquired the previous day. Several electrophysiological studies have also supported this observation by demonstrating that extinction-related increases in neuronal activity in the mPFC participate in expression of fear extinction. However, a more recent study has shown that fear extinction can be recalled, in certain circumstances, without mPFC potentiation, suggesting contribution of other circuits. Here, we examined this possibility in rats that were subjected to auditory fear conditioning, extinction training, and extinction retention test 7 d later. Electrolytic lesions were made in the mPFC, the motor cortex (MO), the dorsal septum (SEP), or the mediodorsal thalamus (MD), because of their potential participation in conditioned fear inhibition; combined lesions including the mPFC with the MO, SEP, or MD were also made. The lesions were made either 1 wk before conditioning or 1 d after extinction training. All rats normally extinguished their conditioned freezing behavior during extinction training and did not display any return of this behavior during the retention test. These data reveal that the mPFC is not required for the acquisition, the expression, or the retrieval of extinction memories but do not exclude the possibility that the mPFC normally participates in these processes. 相似文献