人之自然本性的还原和道德的重新定位——早期启蒙思想家的人性理论及其意义

在批判理学的同时,早期启蒙思想家反对天命之性与气质之性的截然二分,并在对天命之性依赖于气质之性的强调中,将气质之性说成是人性的全部内容.同时他们坚持气质皆善,反对气质有恶说.这些构成了人性一元论,并使以欲、利、私为核心的物质欲望和功利追求成为气质之性的具体内容.这是对人之自然本性的还原.同时,鉴于欲、利、私与生俱来、天然合理,早期启蒙思想家强调道德与物质追求的密切相关,进而对道德的属性和功能予以重新定位.这些带动了理欲、义利和公私关系的变革,在价值观上流露出不同于以往的重欲、贵利和尚私等新动向,同时使理学丧失了"杀人"的能力.早期启蒙思想家对理学的批判有积极意义,却陷入了另一种极端.     

通往健康之路——方舟子《科学成就健康》评介

当今社会,人们在基本生活条件得到满足、大抵衣食无忧之后,对健康的关注就越来越摆上了重要位置。尤其生活在都市里的人们,在看到     

屠龙学的诞生

朱平漫向支离益学习屠龙之技,没少下功夫:冬练三九,夏练三伏,春起五更,秋戴残月。练腾挪跳跃以与龙周旋,练刀枪剑戟以与龙相持,练长缨之舞以缚擒猛龙,练割宰之术以肢解龙体。如此众多的技法,老师当然不会白教,按一门单科收250两银子计,四科下来就是白银千两,三年下来     

Hoarding in obsessive-compulsive disorder: results from the OCD Collaborative Genetics Study

Hoarding behavior occurs frequently in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Results from previous studies suggest that individuals with OCD who have hoarding symptoms are clinically different than non-hoarders and may represent a distinct clinical group. In the present study, we compared 235 hoarding to 389 non-hoarding participants, all of whom had OCD, collected in the course of the OCD Collaborative Genetics Study. We found that, compared to non-hoarding individuals, hoarders were more likely to have symmetry obsessions and repeating, counting, and ordering compulsions; poorer insight; more severe illness; difficulty initiating or completing tasks; and indecision. Hoarders had a greater prevalence of social phobia and generalized anxiety disorder. Hoarders also had a greater prevalence of obsessive-compulsive and dependent personality disorders. Five personality traits were independently associated with hoarding: miserliness, preoccupation with details, difficulty making decisions, odd behavior or appearance, and magical thinking. Hoarding and indecision were more prevalent in the relatives of hoarding than of non-hoarding probands. Hoarding in relatives was associated with indecision in probands, independently of proband hoarding status. The findings suggest that hoarding behavior may help differentiate a distinct clinical subgroup of people with OCD and may aggregate in some OCD families. Indecision may be a risk factor for hoarding in these families.     

The cross-cultural generalizability of Zuckerman's alternative five-factor model of personality

The aim of this study was to analyze the cross-cultural generalizability of the Alternative five-factor model (AFFM; Zuckerman, Kuhlman, & Camac, 1988). The total sample was made up of 9,152 subjects from six countries: China, Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, and the United States. The internal consistencies for all countries were generally similar to those found for the normative American sample. Factor analyses within cultures showed that the normative American structure was replicated in all cultures; however, the congruence coefficients were slightly lower in China and Italy. A similar analysis at the facet level confirmed the high cross-cultural replicability of the AFFM. Mean-level comparisons did not always show the hypothesized effects. The mean score differences across countries were very small.     

Intrahippocampal administration of A beta(1-40) impairs spatial learning and memory in hyperglycemic mice

Age-related neurodegenerative dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD), may be exacerbated by several interacting risk factors including genetic predisposition, beta amyloid (A beta) protein accumulation, environmental toxins, head trauma, and abnormal glycolytic metabolism. We examined the spatial learning and memory effects of A beta(1-40) administration on hyperglycemic mice by their performance in the Morris water maze. Chronic hyperglycemia was induced in male C57BL/6J mice to mimic diabetes mellitus by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ), which specifically destroys pancreatic beta-islet cells. Ten days after STZ treatment, intrahippocampal infusion of vehicle, monomer, or oligomer A beta(1-40) was given to these hyperglycemic mice. Our results demonstrate that in comparison with vehicle or monomer A beta(1-40), oligomer A beta(1-40) induced significant deficits of spatial learning and memory in hyperglycemic mice. Apoptotic signals were identified in the CA1 and dentate gyrus of hippocampus in hyperglycemic mice. A beta accumulation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in the CA1 region were more intensive in hyperglycemic mice than that in normoglycemic mice after acute treatment with oligomer A beta(1-40) peptide treatment. These results indicate that CA1 apoptosis was enhanced by oxidative stress resulting from accumulation of A beta. Considered together, these findings suggest that hyperglycemic mice are more vulnerable to the A beta-induced-oxidative stress than normal subjects. We therefore propose that A beta accumulation would be enhanced by hyperglycemia, and the oxidative stress caused by A beta accumulation would in turn enhance the AD symptoms.     

Effects of playing violent videogames on Chinese adolescents' pro-violence attitudes, attitudes toward others, and aggressive behavior.

This study examines the effects of exposure to online videogame violence on Chinese adolescents' attitudes toward violence, empathy, and aggressive behavior. Results of bivariate analyses show that playing violent videogames on the Internet was associated with greater tolerance of violence, a lower emphatic attitude, and more aggressive behavior. Results of hierarchical regression analyses showed sustained relationships between exposure and pro-violent attitudes and empathy when exposure was examined simultaneously with gender, computer use, and Internet use. However, the linkage between exposure and aggression became non-significant, suggesting that the effects of playing violent videogames were greater for attitudinal outcomes than on overt behavior. Gender differences in playing videogames and in effects were also found.     

青少年自我意识的功能结构及测评的研究

研究者认为自我意识是个体对自己及与周围环境的关系诸方面的认识、体验和调节的多维度、多层次的心理功能系统;并参考国内外相关的自我意识理论和量表,以城市中学生为被试,经过三个步骤,采用《青少年自我意识量表》,对青少年自我意识的心理结构进行了探索性和验证性研究。研究结果表明：青少年自我意识的功能结构基本可以分为三个维度八个因素（即体貌评价、能力评价、品德评价、自尊感、自信感、自觉性、情绪自控、自制力与坚持性）;自编《青少年自我意识量表》包括个人因子共38个项目;该量表的内部一致性信度和分半信度比较高,也具有较好的结构效度。     

军队士气研究述评

在军事领域中,士气是军事力量的重要组成部份,对士气的研究一直是军事心理学研究的热点。文章总结了军队士气研究的几个方面:定义,影响因素,测量,对降低战场应激反应的作用,并提出培育士气的思考和建议。     

12～20岁个体前瞻记忆的发展与影响因素的研究

以334名12～20岁个体为被试,采用两因素混合设计,探讨这一年龄阶段个体前瞻记忆的发展及影响因素。结果发现,被试前瞻记忆水平随年龄增长而提高,且在14～16岁发展最快;提高基于时间的前瞻记忆负载,会使前瞻记忆成绩降低;前瞻记忆与当前任务的完成呈负相关。表明前瞻记忆是一种策略加工过程。