Asian Risk Seeking and Overconfidence1

Weber & Hsee (1998) proposed the “cushion effect” as an explanation of the higher risk taking observed in some East Asian samples, relative to Western samples. Yates, Lee, & Shinotsuka (1992 ) proposed that the overconfidence observed in most Asian countries, relative to Western countries, reflects differences in the number of arguments typically recruited in those countries. This study examined the 2 seemingly separated domains of research: risk taking and overconfidence. It compared individual and collective (both family and group) decisions among Chinese in Singapore. This permitted tests of both the cushion and the argument recruitment hypotheses. The overall results obtained no support for the cushion effect and partial support for the argument recruitment hypotheses.     

Cluster Analysis for Cognitive Diagnosis: Theory and Applications

Latent class models for cognitive diagnosis often begin with specification of a matrix that indicates which attributes or skills are needed for each item. Then by imposing restrictions that take this into account, along with a theory governing how subjects interact with items, parametric formulations of item response functions are derived and fitted. Cluster analysis provides an alternative approach that does not require specifying an item response model, but does require an item-by-attribute matrix. After summarizing the data with a particular vector of sum-scores, K-means cluster analysis or hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis can be applied with the purpose of clustering subjects who possess the same skills. Asymptotic classification accuracy results are given, along with simulations comparing effects of test length and method of clustering. An application to a language examination is provided to illustrate how the methods can be implemented in practice.     

Neural correlates of Traditional Chinese Medicine induced advantageous risk-taking decision making

This fMRI study examined the neural correlates of the observed improvement in advantageous risk-taking behavior, as measured by the number of adjusted pumps in the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), following a 60-day course of a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) recipe, specifically designed to regulate impulsiveness in order to modulate risk-taking behavior. The 14 participants recruited for this study were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups and the TCM recipe (Panax, 520 mg; Astragalus membranaceous Bunge, 520 mg; Masnetitum, 840 mg; Ostrea gigas Thumb, 470 mg; Thinleaf Milkwort Root Radix Polygalae, 450 mg; and Os Draconis, 470 mg) was administered, as a diet supplement, to the seven participants in the experimental group. The neural activity of the two groups was monitored by a 3T MRI scanner, before and after the 60-day treatment. Associated with the improved advantageous risk-taking behavior seen in the experimental group, significantly stronger blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) responses were observed in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), left putamen, left thalamus, right insula, and right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), regions which have previously been reported as being involved in risk-taking decision making. The effect of the TCM in improving advantageous risk-taking decision making appears to have been related to the enhanced efficiency of the cognitive affective system, the PFC–ACC–insula–striatum network, which functions to inhibit impulsiveness, to sensitize reward-related information, and to allow the opportunity, during risk estimation, to evaluate potential gains and losses. The findings of this study suggest that interventions acting on factors modulating risk-taking decision making could have a beneficial effect in terms of optimizing risk-taking behavior.     

谈道教养生的三条原则

养生文化是中国传统文化中一个很重要的组成部分,它虽然不属于道教的专利,但毫无疑问,道教是提倡养生的集大成者.然而道教养生号称有三千六百法门,应该从哪里人手呢?当然应该先从道理学起."本立而道生",养生之术是标不是本,这个本就是养生的道理、理念.简而言之,有三个原则,就是"自然养生"、"清静养生"、"以德养生".     

八段锦详解

八段锦是我国古代民间流行最广的导引术之一,分为两大类:坐式八段锦与立式八段锦,即文八段锦(坐式静功)和武八段锦(站式动功). 坐式八段锦主要起源于八仙之一钟离权所传之八段锦.钟离八段锦因吕洞宾手书于石壁而得以流传下来.     

浅谈大学生思想政治教育与心理健康教育的结合

在全面推进素质教育的新时期,对大学生进行心理健康教育,增强他们的,心理素质,促进其全面发展是目前高等教育的重要任务之一。而高校的思想政治教育与大学生的心理健康教育有着密切的联系,因此怎样把思想政治教育与大学生心理健康教育有机结合起来,提高思想政治教育工作的实效性,成为思想政治工作者的重要任务。     

朱熹与康德道德哲学契合之探寻

朱熹与康德作为中西方最重要的哲学家,对道德的思考有着一定的相似性.他们都试图通过把握一个超验概念进而展开他们的道德哲学;认为道德法则在本质上是先验、普遍与绝对的;个人的幸福和欲望应从属于普遍的道德法则,主张道德自律;坚持道义优先,拒绝对道德进行功利主义的理解.但是由于两种道德哲学的根本价值指向不同,结果也导致了两种理论的不同遭遇和命运.     

社会主义核心价值体系的基本属性

尽管学界对社会主义核心价值体系的内涵、理论框架等进行了富有成果的讨论,但对于社会主义核心价值体系的基本属性仍然存在模糊认识.社会主义核心价值体系的基本属性应体现在三个方面:普遍性与民族性、单元性与复合性、保护性与扩展性.即社会主义核心价值体系应具有普遍价值理念,民族精神的精华,道德单元构成,道德单元与道德意识、实践的复合,保护性"硬核",自我完善与不断创新等属性.     

论孔子“仁”学的人本意蕴

"仁"作为孔子伦理思想的核心德目,其所具有的人本意蕴并非不言而喻、不证自明."仁者人也"、"仁者爱人"强调把人当人看,对社会各阶层都应持有起码的平等的同情心和爱心,"仁民爱物"意味着这一关爱之情由人类向自然万物的推及."仁"不远人、"为仁由己"、"推己及人"强化了人的道德自主和社会承担意识,同时彰显了中国文化的现世追求和内在超越的品格;"克己复礼为仁"标志着中国文化由神本向人本、由外向内的转型,它的首要意义在于对于人的发现,在于唤醒人类的"同类意识",在于凸显人的反省和自觉,将其从整体上理解为牺牲自我、人的独立人格的丧失、人的异化有失公允.     

利益集团如何用“中和之道”守护既得利益

以道家、道教的“智慧之眼”审视,利益集团应该如何用“中和之道”守护自己的既得利益？若以人之常情分析,谁不想守护住自己的既得利益？谁又不想把自己的既得利益代代相传？有谁愿意君子之泽、当世而斩？然而,既得利益集团从历史走到现在,往往却是事与愿违,眼睁睁看着自己的财富从手上丢失,为什么会如此？有没有什么路径进人可以解决这一难题？