The linear perspective information in ground surface representation and distance judgment

Most ground surfaces contain various types of texture gradient information that serve as depth cues for space perception. We investigated how linear perspective, a type of texture gradient information on the ground, affects judged absolute distance and eye level. Phosphorescent elements were used to display linear perspective information on the floor in an otherwise dark room. We found that observers were remarkably receptive to such information. Changing the configuration of the linear perspective information from parallel to converging resulted in relatively larger judged distances and lower judged eye levels. These findings support the proposals that (1) the visual system has a bias for representing an image of converging lines as one of parallel lines on a downward-slanting surface and (2) the convergence point of a converging-lines image represents the eye level. Finally, we found that the visual system may be less sensitive to the manipulation of compression gradient information than of linear perspective information.     

A distance judgment function based on space perception mechanisms: revisiting Gilinsky's (1951) equation

In her seminal article in Psychological Review, A. S. Gilinsky (1951) successfully described the relationship between physical distance (D) and perceived distance (d) with the equation d = DA/(A + D), where A = constant. To understand its theoretical underpinning, the authors of the current article capitalized on space perception mechanisms based on the ground surface to derive the distance equation d = Hcosalpha/sin(alpha + eta), where H is the observer's eye height, alpha is the angular declination below the horizon, and eta is the slant error in representing the ground surface. Their equation predicts that (a) perceived distance is affected by the slant error in representing the ground surface; (b) when the slant error is small, the ground-based equation takes the same form as Gilinsky's equation; and (c) the parameter A in Gilinsky's equation represents the ratio of the observer's eye height to the sine of the slant error. These predictions were empirically confirmed, thus bestowing a theoretical foundation on Gilinsky's equation.     

Effects of playing violent videogames on Chinese adolescents' pro-violence attitudes, attitudes toward others, and aggressive behavior.

This study examines the effects of exposure to online videogame violence on Chinese adolescents' attitudes toward violence, empathy, and aggressive behavior. Results of bivariate analyses show that playing violent videogames on the Internet was associated with greater tolerance of violence, a lower emphatic attitude, and more aggressive behavior. Results of hierarchical regression analyses showed sustained relationships between exposure and pro-violent attitudes and empathy when exposure was examined simultaneously with gender, computer use, and Internet use. However, the linkage between exposure and aggression became non-significant, suggesting that the effects of playing violent videogames were greater for attitudinal outcomes than on overt behavior. Gender differences in playing videogames and in effects were also found.     

青少年自我意识的功能结构及测评的研究

研究者认为自我意识是个体对自己及与周围环境的关系诸方面的认识、体验和调节的多维度、多层次的心理功能系统;并参考国内外相关的自我意识理论和量表,以城市中学生为被试,经过三个步骤,采用《青少年自我意识量表》,对青少年自我意识的心理结构进行了探索性和验证性研究。研究结果表明：青少年自我意识的功能结构基本可以分为三个维度八个因素（即体貌评价、能力评价、品德评价、自尊感、自信感、自觉性、情绪自控、自制力与坚持性）;自编《青少年自我意识量表》包括个人因子共38个项目;该量表的内部一致性信度和分半信度比较高,也具有较好的结构效度。     

12～20岁个体前瞻记忆的发展与影响因素的研究

以334名12～20岁个体为被试,采用两因素混合设计,探讨这一年龄阶段个体前瞻记忆的发展及影响因素。结果发现,被试前瞻记忆水平随年龄增长而提高,且在14～16岁发展最快;提高基于时间的前瞻记忆负载,会使前瞻记忆成绩降低;前瞻记忆与当前任务的完成呈负相关。表明前瞻记忆是一种策略加工过程。     

自尊的记忆效应的实验研究

本实验研究证实了自尊的记忆效应的存在,即自尊水平与词性的交互作用对特质形容诃的回忆量有显著影响。具体而言,对于正向词的回忆量,高自尊组显著高于低自尊组。对于负向诃的回忆量,高自尊组与低自尊组无显著差异;而在高自尊组,正向词的回忆量显著高于负向诃的回忆量。在低自尊组,正向词的回忆量与负向诃的回忆量无显著差异。实验结果支持自尊对记忆影响的忽视——不一致模型。     

征兵用数字搜索测验的研制

基于信息加工速度理论自编征兵用数字搜索测验,使用该测验对全国15735名应征青年及190名新兵进行了测量,3个月新兵营训练结束时由228上级对1900名士兵的智力相关工作绩效情况进行了调查,通过对上述数据的分析确定了测验方法及划界分数,并进行了信、效度检验。结果表明:缺失不同数字对题目难度有影响;划界分数为197秒正确应答27题以上;该测验的内部一致性α系数为0.864;预测符合率为95.7%。     

心理账户的作用机制与儿童认知发展

心理账户是普遍存在于个体心理中的一套或者多套记账体系。这种体系往往是以非预期的形式存在,并对个体的行为决策产生潜在的影响。由于心理账户的存在,使得个体在行为决策时往往无意识地偏离正常的价值判断或者计算法则,从而做出非理性的决策。心理账户的非替代性作用机制可以解释儿童心理理论、价值判断、情感决策以及自我控制等认知能力的发展。     

公共哲学的探索

The more diverse cultures and values a country perceives to be “normal” even “just”, the more it needs to search for a public philosophy. Having developed only recently, China, which is speedily progressing towards a market economy, can be considered this kind of country. This article takes Daniel Bell’s concept of modern society and public household as the basis for expatiating on some chief problems and the ways to solve them. It pays special attention to investigating the public ethic while probing public philosophy, and it argues that the public ethic is an ethic that deals with public affairs in the public realm, especially the social political realm; with respect to all people involved, it is a common ethic or an ethic with openness. It is also an ethic that appeals to public opinion and public reason, and tries to find consensus from the demands of different values. Furthermore, because it refers to fundamental public benefits, it has to be a normative ethic of universalism and of baseline holders. Translated by Su Jing from Zhexue Dongtai 哲学动态 (Philosophical Trends), 2005, (8): 3–8     

广州大学城大一大二学生颓废现象调查报告

通过对广州大学城十所高校500名大一、大二学生进行问卷调查,结果显示广州大学城大一、大二学生的颓废现象具有一定的普遍性。大学生将颓废理解为生活没有目标,无所事事,沉迷游戏、网络、电影等。大学生颓废现象主要受到学习动机、人生目标、意志等心理因素和外界因素影响,其中意志对颓废现象的影响相对较大。