社会经济不平等对个体生命史策略的影响——国家发展水平的调节作用

经济不平等不仅是经济问题,也会对个体心理行为产生诸多影响。前人认为,经济不平等会强化个体阶层提升意愿。结合生命史理论,研究提出高不平等将使个体偏好后代质量而非数量,以实现阶层提升,且这一现象在高发展水平国家中更为明显。基于开源数据,通过国家/个人两个水平上的分析发现,在高发展水平国家,经济不平等降低了国家生育率,并使个体更关切后代教育。研究结果可为理解特定经济环境下的个体心理和行为提供参考。     

中国大学生心理健康筛查量表的编制

编制适合我国大学生的心理健康筛查工具具有重要意义。本研究首先通过文献分析、实际调研及专家研讨的方式构建出量表的三个筛查级别,22个维度指标,并据此发展出具体项目。再通过对890名普通大学生和67名正在接受咨询的临床大学生样本进行预试,对另810名大学生进行正式测试,以及多轮专家评估来检验和修订项目,最终形成中国大学生心理健康筛查量表。结果表明,中国大学生心理健康筛查量表的模型结构合理,拟合良好;量表各项目区分度良好,信度和效度符合心理测量学要求;咨询求助和未求助大学生在量表以及各维度上的得分均有显著差异。因此,该量表可作为中国大学生心理健康筛查的测量工具。     

青少年学习倦怠量表的多元概化分析

运用多元概化理论考察青少年学习倦怠量表（ASBI）的测量学属性。结果发现,ASBI各因子以及全量表的概化系数和可靠性指数均达到较好水平,既可用于常模参照测验,也可用于标准参照测验;各因子的分量比例还不尽完善,低成就感对全域总分的贡献略低于在全量表中的分值比重,对相对误差方差贡献最大的是低成就感,学业疏离对绝对误差方差的贡献最大;今后ASBI的修订工作,可考虑对学业疏离和低成就感因子条目质量的改进,同时适当增加身心耗竭因子的条目数以提高其测量信度。     

The model of children's social adjustment under the gender‐roles absence in single‐parent families

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the gender‐role types and child‐rearing gender‐role attitude of the single‐parents, as well as their children's gender role traits and family socio‐economic status, on social adjustment. We recruited 458 pairs of single parents and their children aged 8–18 by purposive sampling. The research tools included the Family Socio‐economic Status Questionnaire, Sex Role Scales, Parental Child‐rearing Gender‐role Attitude Scale and Social Adjustment Scale. The results indicated: (a) single mothers' and their daughters' feminine traits were both higher than their masculine traits, and sons' masculine traits were higher than their feminine traits; the majority gender‐role type of single parents and their children was androgyny; significant differences were found between children's gender‐role types depending on different raiser, the proportion of girls' masculine traits raised by single fathers was significantly higher than those who were raised by single mothers; (b) family socio‐economic status and single parents' gender‐role types positively influenced parental child‐rearing gender‐role attitude, which in turn, influenced the children's gender traits, and further affected children's social adjustment.     

Meeting the need or falling in line? The effect of laissez-faire formal leaders on informal leadership

We consider the utility of two contrasting theoretical perspectives in explaining how laissez-faire formal leaders and team member motivation to lead (MTL) influences informal leadership and team task performance. The first perspective, functional leadership theory, is the dominant lens used currently to understand informal leadership. However, we suggest that social learning theory offers a compelling alternative account. In a multiwave survey study of 344 members of 72 work teams, we find support for the social learning theory predictions that laissez-faire formal leaders are perceived by team members to engage in less modeling of effective leadership and as a result are negatively associated with informal leadership and team task performance. We do not find support for the functional leadership theory predictions that laissez-faire formal leaders are positively associated with team members’ informal leadership and team task performance, which would be due to an increased perceived need for leadership. The social learning effects are stronger for teams that are lower in member MTL and weaker for teams that are higher in member MTL. These results suggest social learning theory may be preferable to functional leadership theory for understanding informal leadership in teams.     

Genetic Counseling and Screening of Consanguineous Couples and Their Offspring: Recommendations of the National Society of Genetic Counselors

The objective of this document is to provide recommendations for genetic counseling and screening for consanguineous couples (related as second cousins or closer) and their offspring with the goals of1. providing preconception reproductive options2. improving pregnancy outcome and identifying reproductive choices3. reducing morbidity and mortality in the 1st years of life, and4. respecting psychosocial and multicultural issues.The recommendations are the opinions of a multicenter working group (the Consanguinity Working Group (CWG)) with expertise in genetic counseling, medical genetics, biochemical genetics, genetic epidemiology, pediatrics, perinatology, and public health genetics, which was convened by the National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC). The consensus of the CWG and NSGC reviewers is that beyond a thorough medical family history with follow-up of significant findings, no additional preconception screening is recommended for consanguineous couples. Consanguineous couples should be offered similar genetic screening as suggested for any couple of their ethnic group. During pregnancy, consanguineous couples should be offered maternal–fetal serum marker screening and high-resolution fetal ultrasonography. Newborns should be screened for impaired hearing and detection of treatable inborn errors of metabolism. These recommendations should not be construed as dictating an exclusive course of management, nor does use of such recommendations guarantee a particular outcome. The professional judgment of a health care provider, familiar with the facts and circumstances of a specific case, will always supersede these recommendations.     

深圳与北京中学生价值观特点比较研究

采用中国人价值取向问卷对507名深圳和北京的中学生进行测查。结果表明:深圳归侨生与非归侨生在“法律规范取向”上差异显著。深圳男女中学生在“金钱权力取向”、“爱情取向”和“家庭取向”上两者存在显著差异。在“正义公理取向”维度上,深圳中学生和北京中学生差异显著,在“从众取向”、“家庭取向”和“公共利益取向”上,两者差异非常显著。     

Optimal jumping strategies from compliant surfaces: a simple model of springboard standing jumps

A simple model of standing dives is used to investigate optimal jumping strategies from compliant surfaces and applied to springboard diving. The human model consists of a massless leg actuated by knee torque, and a lumped torso mass centered above the leg. The springboard is modeled as a mass-spring system. Maximum jump height for a male and a female is calculated by controlling knee-torque activation level as a function of time. The optimization includes constraints on minimum and maximum knee angle, rate of change of normalized activation level, and contact duration. Simulation results for maximal springboard depression and diver takeoff velocity agree reasonably with experimental data, even though larger board tip velocities are necessarily predicted earlier during the contact period. Qualitatively similar multiple pulse knee-torque activation patterns are found over various conditions and are different from those in rigid-surface jumping. The model is less able to predict accurately jump height at high fulcrum number since jumpers may have difficulty behaving optimally at non-preferred fulcrum settings. If strength is proportional to the product of mass and leg length, increasing leg length is more effective in increasing jump height than is increasing mass.     

从丘浚的科学观看儒学与科学的可容性

丘浚是我国古代自觉提倡并积极探讨自然科学的儒家学者。他将儒学的研究对象分为“性理之学”(相当于“哲学”)与“物理之学”(相当于“科学”)两个部分 ,并对当时儒者重“性理之学”而轻“物理之学”的现象提出了批评。他不仅揭示了研究“物理之学”的必要性 ,而且还提出了研究“物理之学”的方法与要求。丘浚对研究“物理之学”的积极提倡 ,使我们看到了儒学与科学之间可容性的一面。     

Recognition and sex categorization of adults' and children's faces: examining performance in the absence of sex-stereotyped cues

The ability of children and adults to classify the sex of children's and adults' faces using only the biologically based internal facial structure was investigated. Face images of 7- to 10-year-old children and of adults in their 20s were edited digitally to eliminate hairstyle and clothing cues to sex. Seven-year-olds, nine-year-olds, and adults classified a subset of these faces by sex and were asked, subsequently, to recognize the faces from among the entire set of faces. This recognition task was designed to assess the relationship between categorization and recognition accuracy. Participants categorized the adult faces by sex at levels of accuracy varying from just above chance (7-year-olds) to nearly perfect (adults). All participant groups performed less accurately for children's faces than for adults' faces. The 7-year-olds were unable to classify the children's faces by sex at levels above chance. Finally, the faces of children and adults were equally recognizable--a finding that has theoretical implications for understanding the relationship between categorizing and identifying faces.