平行斜线诱导的垂直错觉之规律及原因初探

此实验测定了20个大学生和青年工人的垂直错觉。错觉模式的诱导部分为一组平行斜线,测试部分为差不多互相垂直的竖直线和水平线。在平行斜线诱导下,被试产生了把测试部分看成垂直的错觉。错觉量的大小与诱导线的倾斜角度有关。把此错觉模式的诱导部分与测试部分分开,以实体镜观察时(一个眼各看一部分,两眼同时观察)则没有发生错觉,说明此错觉最初可能发生于视网膜上。此错觉可用侧抑制理论来解释。     

理想情感及其影响的跨文化差异

理想情感是人们期望获得的情感状态。情感评估理论认为文化对理想情感的塑造有着重要影响,主要的影响途径有文化体验、文化价值观和社会文化变化。理想情感对个体会产生具有文化特异性的影响,主要会影响个体的偏好及选择行为、混合情绪体验、身心健康和社会认知决策。理想情感研究未来发展可以着眼于4个方向:使用纵向视角研究理想情感,进一步探索理想情感的前因变量,打造适合中国文化的心理健康标准和通过认识理想情感来消除文化隔阂。     

《我为什么是无神论者》一书述评（二）

作者欧黑尔是“让美国人停下脚步，审视他们价值观的无神论者”。本书陈述了她的无神论不但是消极的，否认神、灵魂和天堂地狱等宗教主要元素的真实性，而且是积极的，展示一种非宗教的生活方式，依靠人类自己的力量创造大家共同的幸福生活。她的无神论以唯物主义为哲学基础，认为宗教的世界观是唯心主义的：她为唯物主义者辩诬．表述了唯物主义的基本特征及其优越性。以其主张政教分离的观念鲜明而坚定．曾推动美国最高法院判决在公立学校里限制宗教活动．因此也受到种种诅咒。     

全球地域化:基督宗教在华传播史的一种诠释——对章开沅"传播与植根"观念的解读

章开沅自20世纪80年代中期涉足中国基督宗教史研究领域.他通过深入考察基督宗教在中国传播的历史进程,精辟阐释中西文化的巨大差异,透彻解析中外基督徒有识之士的经典著述,站在跨文化对话的高度,对中国基督宗教史予以"全球地域化"解读.章开沅认为,只有构筑中国本土化的世界观与价值观,才是基督宗教在华"传播与植根"的必由之路.     

芭特勒对萨特身体观的阅读探析

美国哲学家茱迪恩·芭特勒认为连串理所当然地跟性相关的论述,同时存有化了及固定化了物质性的身体.芭特勒阅读波伏娃的<第二性>,认为这并非就是萨特的<存在与虚无>于女性问题或处境上的应用.波伏娃曾说意识存在于一个人的身体当中,并且在文化的脉胳里,参与形成一个人的性别.芭特勒认为对萨特身体哲学的理解,在很多方面都能提高我们对波伏娃思想的欣赏,并认定她是一个具原创性的思想家.     

Stopping rules for multi-category computerized classification testing

Computerized classification testing (CCT) aims to classify persons into one of two or more possible categories to make decisions such as mastery/non-mastery or meet most/meet all/exceed. A defining feature of CCT is its stopping criterion: the test terminates when there is enough confidence to make a decision. There is abundant research on CCT with a single cut-off, and two common stopping criteria are the sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) statistic and the generalized likelihood ratio statistic (GLR). However, there is a relative scarcity of research extending the SPRT to the multi-hypothesis case for when there is more than one cut-off. In this paper, we propose a new multi-category GLR (mGLR) statistic as well as a stochastically curtailed version of the CCT with three or more categories. A simulation study was conducted to show that the mGLR statistic outperformed the existing stopping rules by generating shorter average test length without sacrificing classification accuracy. Results also revealed that the stochastically curtailed mGLR successfully increased test efficiency in certain testing conditions.     

Losing My Religion as a Natural Experiment: How State Pressure and Taxes Led to Church Disaffiliations between 1940 and 2010 in Germany

The sociological literature has produced a remarkably consistent picture of the quantitative patterns of religious disaffiliations in Western countries. This article argues, and demonstrates, that strong changes in a social context may lead individuals to disaffiliate rapidly, leading to very different aggregate effects from those in the “western model.” We use the unique situation of the separation of Germany from 1949 to 1989 and its subsequent reunification as a “natural experiment” to show just how much the relationships routinely found can be disrupted under changed conditions. The state socialist “treatment” affected religious disaffiliations in East Germany profoundly as it (a) made disaffiliations 10 times more probable in the East than in the West in the 1950s and 1960s, (b) shielded East German church members from factors that led to mass disaffiliations in the West in the late 1960s and early 1970s, (c) reversed the education‐disaffiliation link in the East, thus making disaffiliation more likely among the less educated, and (d) led to an especially strong increase in disaffiliations in the East right after the reunification     

Word Learning in L2 Chinese: from Perspectives of Learner-Related and Language-Related Factors

Journal of Psycholinguistic Research - Word learning in a second language (L2) is a complex process, which is affected by learner-related (e.g., morphological awareness) and language-related (e.g.,...     

Changing the Criminal Justice System Response to Sexual Assault: An Empirical Study of a Participatory Action Research Project

In jurisdictions throughout the United States, thousands of sexual assault kits (SAKs; also known as a “rape kits”) have not been submitted by the police for forensic DNA testing. DNA evidence may be helpful to sexual assault investigations and prosecutions by identifying perpetrators, revealing serial offenders through DNA matches across cases, and exonerating those who have been wrongly accused. This paper describes a longitudinal action research project conducted in Detroit, Michigan after that city discovered approximately 11,000 untested sexual assault kits in a police department storage facility. We conducted a root cause analysis to examine individual, organizational, community, and societal factors that contributed to the development of the rape kit backlog in Detroit. Based on those findings, we implemented and evaluated structural changes to increase staffing, promote kit testing, and retrain police and prosecutors so that cases could be reopened for investigation and prosecution. As we conducted this work, we also studied how this action research project impacted the Detroit criminal justice system. Participating in this project changed stakeholders’ attitudes about the utility of research to address community problems, the usefulness of DNA evidence in sexual assault cases, and the impact of trauma on survivors. The results led to new protocols for SAK testing and police investigations, and new state legislation mandating SAK forensic DNA testing.