Impact of the effort–reward imbalance model on intent to leave among Belgian health care workers: A prospective study

The aim of this study was to analyse the impact of the effort–reward imbalance (ERI) model on intent to leave the current organization (ITL organization) and intent to leave the nursing profession (ITL profession) in a prospective way. A total of 1,531 health care workers who remained in their job filled in a self‐administered questionnaire at baseline and 1 year later. ERI was measured at baseline by a 23‐item questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. Within a population with low intent to leave at baseline, we found that an imbalance between high efforts and low rewards (extrinsic hypothesis) increased the risk of high ITL organization (OR 4.98; 95% CI 2.07–11.97) and high ITL profession (OR 1.84; 95% CI 1.03–3.30), 1 year later. A high level of overcommitment (OC; intrinsic hypothesis) was not predictive for both intent to leave outcome variables, neither was the interaction between high efforts/low rewards and a high level of OC (interaction hypothesis). Our results showed that a perceived effort‐reward imbalance (ERI) at work is a significant predictor of intent to leave among health care workers. This contribution concludes with some directions aimed at boosting nurses' retention and recommendations for future research.     

On Minimizing Guessing Effects on Multiple‐Choice Items: Superiority of a two solutions and three distractors item format to a one solution and five distractors item format

Multiple‐choice response formats are troublesome, as an item is often scored as solved simply because the examinee may be lucky at guessing the correct option. Instead of pertinent Item Response Theory models, which take guessing effects into account, this paper considers a psycho‐technological approach to re‐conceptualizing multiple‐choice response formats. The free‐response format is compared with two different multiple‐choice formats: a traditional format with a single correct response option and five distractors (‘1 of 6’), and another with five response options, three of them being distractors and two of them being correct (‘2 of 5’). For the latter format, an item is scored as mastered only if both correct response options and none of the distractors are marked. After the exclusion of a few items, the Rasch model analyses revealed appropriate fit for 188 items altogether. The resulting item‐difficulty parameters were used for comparison. The multiple‐choice format ‘1 of 6’ differs significantly from the multiple‐choice format ‘2 of 5’, while the latter does not differ significantly from the free‐response format. The lower difficulty of items ‘1 of 6’ suggests guessing effects.     

Interpersonal Relationship Orientations,Leadership, and Managerial Level: Assessing the practical usefulness of the FIRO‐B in organizations

This paper investigated whether interpersonal relationship orientation, as measured by the Fundamental Interpersonal Relationship Orientations‐Behaviour (FIRO‐B), predicts ratings of leadership capability and managerial level of attainment. In all, 547 participants reported their managerial level in their organization, and were rated by trained consultants on their leadership capability. Results showed that several scores on the FIRO‐B positively predicted ratings of leadership capability and managerial level reached even after controlling for the effect of intelligence and demographic variables. This study provides some initial evidence for the validity of the FIRO‐B in the prediction of perceptual and objective measures of leadership capability. Implications for selection and assessment are discussed.     

低疟区疟疾导致胸外科术后高热的诊治体会

探讨疟疾导致术后高热的诊治方法,回顾性研究15例疟疾导致术后高热患者的诊治经过,其中1例确诊患者给予氯喹治疗后痊愈,14例疑似患者经氯喹试验性治疗后痊愈,9例患者随访1年均无复发。因此,对曾有输血史或疟疾史的术后高热患者,排除感染或变态反应后,可给予氯喹试验性治疗,无需等待确切的病原学结论。     

陈实功对传统医德思想的丰富和发展

陈实功时传统医德思想的丰富和发展主要体现在四个方面:一是深化了医家必须急病人所急、不计个人得失的思想见解;二是提出了医家必须严守病人隐私、做到自重自爱的明确要求;三是阐发了医家必须忠于职守、尊重同道的基本主张;四是强调了医家必须专心本务、踏实做人的重要原则.     

诺贝尔奖(1935)候选人伍连德及其学说

伍连德(1879年～1960年),剑桥大学第一位华人医学博士,1908年回国任天津陆军军医学堂帮办.1910年末东北爆发鼠疫,他出任"东三省防疫总医官".经过科学考察与实验对旱獭进行研究,他确定了鼠疫菌宿主动物和肺鼠疫传播方式,并创立"肺鼠疫"学说.1935年,伍连德被提名为诺贝尔生理学或医学奖候选人.     

老子之道的虚空特征与本体性之新探

"道"是老子哲学体系中的核心。"道"以"虚空"或"无"的形态存在,"虚空"或"无"是物质的潜在状态。"道"是混成之物,所以"道"是具有精妙的内部结构特性的,它是人类尚未完全认识的物质存在的高级形态。宇宙万物是"道"创生与演化的结果,而且在演化的过程中,"道"的作用是"无为而无不为"的。在研究宇宙的本体(或本源)问题上,没有其它的概念可以替代它、超越它。"道"是具有至上性的。     

日常生活中的教派差异——关于甘肃临潭旧城伊斯兰教的人类学田野报告

本文在田野调查的基础上,描述了甘肃省临潭旧城回族内部在日常宗教实践中存在的区别,展现了地方社会内不同教派在服饰、婚姻策略、宗教生活、丧葬、纪念和墓地安排等方面的差异性,并分析了这些差异性在日常实践层面维系宗教群体延续的作用。同时指出,教派作为人为性的一种社会建构,在社会实践中一旦获得承认,并具有合法延续的可能性时,其教派特征就会在日常生活的不同层面上表达出来。所有这些表达都是宗教群体集体认同的体现,也是日常实践中区分"我群"和"他群"意识的体现,其价值目标还是在于使宗教群体得以延续。     

现代性伦理危机的三种根源

世俗化、理性化、功利主义等,无疑都是现代性的主导性要素,同时也是现代性的重要特征和表征性趋势。它们与现代性有着某种共谋和共生关系。在各种要素的合力作用下,传统道德逐渐衰微、伦理失序。而现代性伦理体系的崩塌,究其主要根源,就在于现代性道德筹划的失败、现代理性社会进步观的价值迷失和极端的技术理性对伦理的摧毁。     

The dialogical self in a cultural contact zone: Exploring the perceived ‘cultural correction’ function of schooling

This paper discusses a qualitative study that explores the impact the development of a cultural contact zone has upon identity processes in the Dialogical Self. The analysis draws upon interviews with Irish nationals, immigrants and asylum seekers in a new cultural contact zone. The findings illustrate uncertainty experienced as a result of immigration, suggesting that the development of the contact zone caused cultural discontinuity. The individuals' uncertainty for their cultural identities' future viability demanded the development of identity strategies to maintain continuity with their perceived cultural future, where they were faced with cultural others. Identity repositionings and a strategy to maintain continuity will be explored in the current paper. The Irish and asylum seeker participants' unprompted focus on schooling will be explored as a continuity strategy. The participants constructed schooling as a tool for the ‘cultural correction’ of migrant children and a means for the assimilation of migrants into the Irish community. The paper discusses the function of this strategy for the two groups, and the theoretical integration of cultural level processes in the theory of the Dialogical Self. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.