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171.
Psychological assessment can play an important role in informing the intervention process with child and adolescent victims of maltreatment. This study investigated the validity of the Rorschach in assessing aggressive drive derivatives using a profile-based approach, with a sample of 108 children and adolescents in foster care. Aggression indicators were derived from the work of Gacono and Meloy (1994). Latent class analysis yielded a 4-class model including gender and age as covariates. The first 2 classes were characterized by low prevalence rates across all indicators of aggression, and were distinguished primarily on the basis of participant's age. The 3rd class was characterized by the presence of Aggressive Vulnerability (AgV) responses, whereas the 4th showed higher occurrence of all markers except AgV. Modest associations were found between characteristics of abuse, select classes, and behavior problems. The 4th class showed the strongest link with behavior problems, albeit only in the presence of ego impairment. These findings support a contextualized, developmentally informed use of aggression markers on the Rorschach in the context of child maltreatment. 相似文献
172.
William Robert Webster 《Synthese》2006,151(2):297-310
Chalmers (The Conscious Mind, Oxford Unversity Press, Oxford 1996) has argued for a form of property dualism on the basis of the concept of a zombie (which
is physically identical to normals), and the concept of the inverted spectrum. He asserts that these concepts show that the
facts about consciousness, such as experience or qualia, are really further facts about our world, over and above the physical
facts. He claims that they are the hard part of the mind-body issue. He also claims that consciousness is a fundamental feature
of the world like mass, charge, etc.
He says that consciousness does not logically supervene on the physical and all current attempts to assert an identity between
consciousness and the physical are just as non-reductive as his dualism. They are simply correlations and are part of the
problem of the explanatory gap. In this paper, three examples of strong identities between a sensation or a quale and a physiological
process are presented, which overcome these problems. They explain the identity in an a priori manner and they show that consciousness or sensations (Q) logically supervene on the physical (P), in that it is logically
impossible to have P and not to have Q. In each case, the sensation was predicted and entailed by the physical. The inverted
spectrum problem for consciousness is overcome and explained by a striking asymmetry in colour space. It is concluded that
as some physical properties realize some sensations or qualia that human zombies are not metaphysically possible and the explanatory
gap is bridged in these cases. Thus, the hard problem is overcome in these instances. 相似文献
173.
Russell J. Webster Donald A. Saucier Richard J. Harris 《Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences》2010,46(3):300-313
Given its renown, many psychologists and sociologists likely consider the publication of Gordon Allport's ( 1954 / 1979 ) seminal book The Nature of Prejudice as the inauguration of the psychological study of prejudice. However, we have uncovered rarely‐cited, published papers (starting in 1830) that provide a wealth of speculation on prejudice even before psychologists/sociologists attempted to measure it (circa 1925). Thus, this paper intends to discuss early published work on prejudice in psychology and sociology by focusing on three key questions: a) when did psychologists/sociologists recognize prejudice as a psychological phenomenon, b) when did psychologists/sociologists recognize prejudice as a phenomenon in need of study, and c) what were the historical and personal conditions that gave rise to the interest in prejudice? In short, the seeds of prejudice research were maturing for some time before Allport's seminal book and the first attitudinal studies on prejudice, although these earlier works are seldom cited. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
174.
Webster JM Dickson MF Saman DM Mateyoke-Scrivner A Oser CB Leukefeld C 《Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling》2010,30(2):99-111
Differences between violent and nonviolent probationers were examined in the growing, yet understudied, rural probation population. Violent rural probationers had higher rates of substance use, criminal activity, and mental health symptoms than did nonviolent rural probationers. Implications for practitioners are discussed. 相似文献
175.
176.
R A Winett E S Anderson J F Moore K J Sikkema R J Hook D A Webster C D Taylor J E Dalton T H Ollendick R M Eisler 《Health psychology》1992,11(3):203-206
We describe the first study with a home-based HIV prevention video program for parents and young teenagers. The objectives of the program are to inform parents and teenagers about the causes and prevention of HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases, to increase family problem-solving skills, and to increase teen problem-solving and assertiveness skills. The objectives pertain to the goals of increasing skills needed to help teenagers avoid or manage high-risk behaviors and situations. Forty-five families with at least one 12- to 14-year-old were randomly assigned to either experimental (receive video program) or control (no video) conditions in a pretest-posttest design. After 6 months (Follow-Up 1), the experimental and control families were reassessed. The control families next received the video program, and the control families were assessed again (Follow-Up 2). The results indicate increases in parent and teen knowledge and skills only with video viewing. Approaches to improving the video program, particularly with teenagers, are discussed. 相似文献
177.
Toni C. Antonucci Kristine J. Ajrouch Noah J. Webster Kira S. Birditt 《Research in human development》2018,15(1):3-20
We examine the link between social network size and forgiveness, as well as mediating effects of self-efficacy and trust. Data are from the Detroit Community Study, which include three racial/ethnic groups: African Americans, Arab Americans, and White Americans (N=907). Results indicated that larger network size is associated with more forgiveness, but is mediated by trust. Patterns varied within racial/ethnic group: among Arab Americans self-efficacy mediated the effect of network size on forgiveness; among African Americans there were no direct or mediating effects; among White Americans an indirect effect of trust on forgiveness was identified. Findings suggest complex associations with forgiveness. 相似文献
178.
Thomas H. Stone Jeff Foster Brian D. Webster Jennifer Harrison I. M. Jawahar 《人类行为》2016,29(5):428-446
We examined gender differences in supervisor ratings of overall job performance and 37 performance dimensions. Based on data from a large, diverse sample of managers (N = 3,367) and nonmanagers (N = 9,670), we found that gender had only minimal effects on ratings for a small number of specific job performance dimensions. This was generally true regardless of whether the job performance dimension was more agentic or communal in nature, whether the job was a managerial or a nonmanagerial position, and regardless of the proportion of men or women that traditionally occupy a specific job. Overall, our results are more consistent with the gender similarities hypothesis than the agency/communion paradigm, role congruity theory, and the lack of fit model. We discuss future research avenues and implications. 相似文献
179.
180.