Discerning the Division of Cognitive Labor: An Emerging Understanding of How Knowledge Is Clustered in Other Minds

The division of cognitive labor is fundamental to all cultures. Adults have a strong sense of how knowledge is clustered in the world around them and use that sense to access additional information, defer to relevant experts, and ground their own incomplete understandings. One prominent way of clustering knowledge is by disciplines similar to those that comprise the natural and social sciences. Seven studies explored an emerging sense of these discipline-based ways of clustering of knowledge. Even 5-year-olds could cluster knowledge in a manner roughly corresponding to the departments of natural and social sciences in a university, doing so without any explicit awareness of those academic disciplines. But this awareness is fragile early on and competes with other ways of clustering knowledge. Over the next few years, children come to see discipline-based clusters as having a privileged status, one that may be linked to increasingly sophisticated assumptions about essences for natural kinds. Possible mechanisms for this developmental shift are examined.     

电生理测量在用户体验中的应用

用户体验是用户在使用产品过程中的完整感受, 电生理技术可用于测量用户在产品使用过程中的实时体验。皮电、心电和脑电是用户体验研究领域最典型的三类电生理指标, 主要涉及用户体验过程中认知和情感状态的测量：在皮电相关指标中, 皮肤电导水平能有效地反映用户使用产品时的情绪唤醒度和认知努力程度; 在心电相关指标中, 心率对用户的情绪体验敏感, 而心率变异性对用户的心理负荷变化敏感; 在脑电相关指标中, α波和β波是用户情绪变化和心理负荷的有效指标。目前, 这些指标在情绪类别的识别上还缺乏敏感性, 并且在实际应用方面也存在各自的优缺点。未来的研究突破点可在三个方面展开：一是探讨用户体验过程中情绪类别的识别, 二是整合多种指标对情绪状态进行实时的识别, 三是关注美感体验的生理测量。     

物质奖励对内在动机的侵蚀效应

物质奖励制度在现实生活中无处不在, 但物质奖励能够激发人们的工作热情吗？依据认知评价理论, 奖励具有信息和控制两种因素, 前者有助于内在动机的维持, 后者则会损害内在动机, 即有侵蚀效应。这种侵蚀效应已经为众多研究所证明。对此效应的深入研究发现, 在不同情形下, 侵蚀效应的大小受到奖励条件设置、竞争情形、个体的归因倾向、反馈信息、自主选择空间等因素的影响。近年来神经学研究则进一步观察到侵蚀效应的神经表征与机制。     

What Lenny Bruce Really Died For

Book reviewed in this article:
Ronald K. L. Collins and David M. Skover, The Trials of Lenny Bruce: The Fall and Rise of an American Icon     

Effects of alcohol,rumination, and gender on the time course of negative affect

This study modelled associations between gender, ruminative cognitive style, alcohol use, and the time course of negative affect over the course of 43,111 random assessments in the natural environment. Participants (N?=?263) completed 49 days of experience sampling over 1.3 years. The data indicated that rumination at baseline was positively associated with alcohol dependence symptoms at baseline as well as higher negative affect over the course of the study. Consistent with negative reinforcement models, drinking served to decrease the persistence of negative affect from moment to moment. However, this ameliorative effect of drinking was evident only among women, suggesting an increased risk for negative reinforcement driven drinking behaviour. In addition, rumination appeared to counteract the desired effects of alcohol on mood among women. This suggests that women who ruminate more may be motivated to consume larger amounts of alcohol to achieve the desired effects. Overall, the results indicate that ruminative cognitive style and the persistence of negative affect from moment to moment may reflect an individual vulnerability for the development of alcohol use disorder especially among women.     

从离身到具身:具身管理学的可能

传统管理学理论有着明显的"离身"倾向,使得"身体"成为组织管理的"暗箱"。具身理论为"具身"取向的管理学新发展提供了可能。组织(认知)神经学研究为具身管理学提供了神经生理依据,而具身领导、组织、决策等研究则标示着其兴起。在组织管理中,可以依据躯体信息、隐喻、情景行动等三方面线索探究具身性因素对组织管理的影响。具身管理学在理论假设与现实条件层面均存在一定的可能性,但短期内并不能取代"离身"取向的管理学而成为主流。     

Can Physical Parts of Substances Be Substances? The Dual Models of Analysis in Aristotle’s Notion of Substance

This essay discusses the question of whether the physical parts of a substance per se can still be substances after being separated from whole substances. This paper finds that within his corpus Aristotle gives two contrary answers to that question. To avoid this inconsistency, this essay claims that Aristotle puts forward dual models of analysis when it comes to substances, namely the Artifact Model and the Living Being Model. According to the Artifact Model, the physical parts of a substance per se are still substances after being separated from the whole substance; but according to the Living Being Model, the physical parts of a substance per se are not substances after separation. In addition, this paper also holds that there is a kind of evolutionary relationship of research methodology between the dual models, i.e. the dual models correspond to what is “better known to us” to what is “better known by nature.”     

13~15岁儿童对愤怒表情觉察的特点

本研究以13~15岁的青少年为被试,使用视觉搜索任务,要求被试对呈现在愤怒、愉快和中性图示面孔表情图片中的表情相同和表情不同的图片进行判断,从而检验青少年对愤怒表情、愉快表情和中性表情觉察效果的差异.结果表明:(1)当呈现相同的表情时,青少年对愤怒表情的图片的觉察比对愉快表情的图片的觉察要慢.(2)当呈现的表情中有不同的表情时,青少年对愤怒表情的觉察要快于对愉快表情的觉察.(3)青少年对愤怒表情的搜索斜率低于对愉快表情的搜索斜率.对愤怒表情的搜索和对愉快表情的搜索都为系列搜索.