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891.
Robert M. Baird 《Journal of religion and health》1985,24(2):117-124
Against the background claims that a meaningful life is more likely to be the product of creation than discovery and that a meaningful life must involve both subjective satisfaction and an objective moral component, three foundations of a meaningful life are discussed. These include the quality of one's relationships, the integrative power of one's goals and projects, and the role of story or stories. Concerning the role of story, the theological challenge is to choose that story or those stories that place life in a genuinely ultimate context. 相似文献
892.
In this study of the way 32 men and women between the ages of 60 to 90 coped with stressful situations, two instruments were used: the Life Experiences Survey and the Ways of Coping Checklist. Overall, health-related concerns were more frequently reported by older adults than any other stressful event. When coping responses were categorized according to four modes--intrapsychic, inaction, direct action, and information seeking--the Appalachian group was found to use the information-seeking mode; the Cherokee group, the intrapsychic mode. Significant differences were found between males and females in coping modes and life-stress categories. When groups were combined, significant correlations were noted between life stress, particularly health-related stress, and the coping modes of intrapsychic and information seeking. 相似文献
893.
Many counselors are currently undergoing a Kuhnian paradigm shift from linear models of behavioral problem conceptualization to systemic conceptual models. As a result, it has become incumbent on counselor-educators to introduce the systems concept of family therapy to their students within a framework that renders it meaningful not only intellectually but also practically. This paper presents one way of doing this successfully with master's level counselors-in-training who have no live families on which to practice. An overview of systems approaches to family therapy is presented along with a seven-stage supervision approach for teaching structural/strategic therapy in limited situations where the supervision of live families is not practical or possible. 相似文献
894.
895.
Determination of a behavioral transfer function: White-noise analysis of session-to-session response-ratio dynamics on concurrent VI VI schedules 总被引:10,自引:10,他引:0
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Six pigeons were exposed to concurrent variable-interval schedules in which the programmed reinforcer ratios changed from session to session according to a pseudorandom binary sequence. This procedure corresponded to the stochastic identification paradigm (“white-noise experiment”) of systems theory and enabled the relation between log response ratios in the current session and log reinforcer ratios in all previous sessions to be determined. Such dynamic relations are called linear transfer functions. Both nonparametric and parametric representations of these, in the form of “impulse-response functions,” were determined for each bird. The session-to-session response ratios resulting from the session-to-session pseudorandom binary variations in reinforcer ratios were well predicted by the impulse-response functions identified for each pigeon. The impulse-response functions were well fitted by a second-order dynamic model involving only two parameters: a time constant and a gain. The mean time constant was 0.67 sessions, implying that the effects of abrupt changes in log reinforcer ratios should be 96% complete within about five sessions. The mean gain was 0.53, which was surprisingly low inasmuch as it should equal the sensitivity to reinforcement ratio observed under steady-state conditions. The same six pigeons were subjected to a similar experiment 10 months following the first. Despite individual differences in impulse-response functions between birds within each experiment, the impulse-response functions determined from the two experiments were essentially the same. 相似文献
896.
Pigeons keypecked on a two-key procedure in which their choice ratios during one time period determined the reinforcement rates assigned to each key during the next period (Vaughan, 1981). During each of four phases, which differed in the reinforcement rates they provided for different choice ratios, the duration of these periods was four minutes, duplicating one condition from Vaughan's study. During the other four phases, these periods lasted six seconds. When these periods were long, the results were similar to Vaughan's and appeared compatible with melioration theory. But when these periods were short, the data were consistent with molecular maximizing (see Silberberg & Ziriax, 1982) and were incompatible with melioration, molar maximizing, and matching. In a simulation, stat birds following a molecular-maximizing algorithm responded on the short- and long-period conditions of this experiment. When the time periods lasted four minutes, the results were similar to Vaughan's and to the results of the four-minute conditions of this study; when the time periods lasted six seconds, the choice data were similar to the data from real subjects for the six-second conditions. Thus, a molecular-maximizing response rule generated choice data comparable to those from the short- and long-period conditions of this experiment. These data show that, among extant accounts, choice on the Vaughan procedure is most compatible with molecular maximizing. 相似文献
897.
Differential effects of electroconvulsive shock on concurrent spatial memories: "old" memories are impaired while "new" memories are spared 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
W S Maki 《Behavioral and neural biology》1985,43(2):162-177
The effects of electroconvulsive shock (ECS) on spatial memory first reported by Shavalia, Dodge, and Beatty (1981, Behavioral and Neural Biology, 31, 261-273) were systematically replicated in two experiments. Rats acquired concurrent spatial memories in two 8-arm radial mazes. Each rat was allowed four choices in Maze 1 and then, after 2 h, four choices in Maze 2. After 2 h each rat was tested for retention in Maze 1 and, after 2 more h, was tested for retention in Maze 2. A single ECS was administered immediately after the fourth choice in Maze 2. Retention (as measured by accuracy of Choices 5-8) was diminished for Maze 1 but not for Maze 2. In the second experiment, the delay between the retention tests was eliminated (thus holding the ECS-Choice 5 interval constant for the two mazes). Once again retention of Maze 1 was impaired and retention of Maze 2 was spared; that finding suggests that ECS does not proactively affect radial-arm maze performance. The results of a third experiment converge on the same conclusion; ECS failed to reduce levels of spontaneous alternation. Therefore, ECS appears to interfere retroactively with relatively old spatial memories and newly established memories appear to be immune to the amnestic effects of ECS. Implications and various explanations are considered. 相似文献
898.
The present experiment used hippocampal stimulation to determine the temporal gradient of consolidation of spatial working memory. Rats were trained to perform a spatial working memory task on a radial maze with 12 arms. Each rat went to the ends of 6 arms to obtain a food reward. After 8 h, the rat chose among all the arms to find the ones not previously chosen (and consequently still having food). During some test sessions, the hippocampus was stimulated electrically either at a current level just high enough to produce an electrophysiological seizure, or at a current level below this seizure threshold. Stimulation occurred at one of five intervals (0 to 8 h) following the completion of the first six choices. During other test sessions, the hippocampus was not stimulated. After seizure stimulation, the number of retroactive errors (returning to arms chosen prior to stimulation) increased at all delay intervals; the number of proactive errors (returning to arms chosen after stimulation) increased only with the delay of 8 h. Subthreshold stimulation had no influence on either type of error. These results indicate that normal hippocampal function is required for the maintenance of spatial information in working memory, and that the time course of consolidation of this information is significantly greater than that seen in other types of memory, or consolidation may not take place at all. 相似文献
899.
Training and Research in Counselling 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A. W. Bolger 《British Journal of Guidance & Counselling》1985,13(1):112-124
Formal counselling training in Britain began with the preparation of school counsellors in universities and relied largely upon American models. Early courses were highly didactic but over the last decade practical and experiential aspects have taken precedence. Basic counselling training has now been extended into the preparation of many workers, voluntary and professional. Counselling research also had academic origins, but has broadened to include many different work settings. Much of the published research has been in the form of surveys of counselling services, but some detailed studies of process are noted. There is a need for research to be increased, and the gap between research and practice shortened, if counselling is to demonstrate its relevance to contemporary needs. 相似文献
900.
To increase understanding of the relationships between gender and causal attributions, dispositional and situational variables were examined to determine if they affected causal attributions differently if the subjects were females or males. Four dispositional variables—locus of control, neuroticism, achievement motivation, and self-esteem—and five situational variables—expectancy of success, self-reported commitment, perceived productivity, perceived task complexity, and actual performance—were examined for their moderating effects on the gender-causal attributional relationships. The dispositional variables did not moderate any causal relationships. By comparison, four situational variables—performance, commitment, productivity, and complexity—moderated at least one of the gender-attribution relationships. It was concluded that more attention should be directed to the identification of situational moderators. 相似文献