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61.
62.
Wasserman EA Fagot J Young ME 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2001,115(1):42-52
The authors trained 6 baboons (Papio papio) to make 1 of 2 report responses to 16-icon same arrays versus 16-icon different arrays. In the same arrays, the icons were all the same as one another, whereas in the different arrays the icons were all different from one another. In Experiment 1, the baboons discriminated the same arrays from the different arrays, and they transferred their discriminative responding to arrays of novel icons. In Experiments 2 and 3, the baboons exhibited strong sensitivity to the degree of display variability when they were shown mixed arrays that comprised some same and some different items. The information theoretic measure "entropy" systematically described these results and outperformed several rival metrics. Finally, in Experiments 4 and 5, the baboons' responses to displays that contained jittered and blurred icons suggested that their same-different conceptual behavior was not based on the spatial orderliness of the visual arrays. 相似文献
63.
64.
Stephen J. Brzykcy Edward A. Wasserman Yasuo Nagasaka Sacha Perez-Acevedo 《Animal cognition》2014,17(6):1427-1431
Relational concepts—such as connectedness—may be easy for human adults to appreciate; but, obtaining evidence of other species’ understanding of connectedness has been challenging. One key test of connectedness involves an organism’s responding to variants of the string task. Using a virtual string task, we gave pigeons a pair of strings from which to choose: one connected to a full dish of food and a second disconnected from another full dish of food. Our pigeons did not at first choose the connected string under conditions of non-differential reinforcement; later, the birds rapidly learned to choose the connected string under conditions of differential reinforcement. Our results replicate prior findings with real strings and food dishes, thereby demonstrating that pigeons can appreciate the connectedness between a string tether and a dish of food, and attesting to the utility and fidelity of the virtual string task. 相似文献
65.
Sex Roles - The current study examined the right to a professional workspace and separation between private and public within the home as an arena of gendered negotiation and struggle between... 相似文献
66.
Two groups of pigeons (n = 4) were trained with 16 line drawings portraying a fixed shape and a variable shape. The four variable shapes (a wedge, a cone, a cylinder, and a handle) appeared to the left of, to the right of, above, or below the fixed shape (a cube). Group Shape (S) was required to discriminate the identity of the variable shape that was mated with the cube, whereas Group Location (L) was required to discriminate where the variable shape appeared relative to the cube. Three of the four pigeons in each group mastered their respective tasks. Later tests revealed that the two groups of pigeons had attended to different aspects of the shape pairs, even though the visual stimuli and general procedures they had been given were the same. Group S had attended to the identity of the variable shape and had ignored the identity and location of the cube, whereas Group L had attended to the configuration of the two shapes. The methods and stimuli could be useful in delineating the biological bases of shape and location perception. 相似文献
67.
Ryan Wasserman 《Philosophy and phenomenological research》2017,95(1):66-89
This is a paper about the nature of metaphysical laws and their relation to the phenomenon of vagueness. Metaphysical laws are introduced as analogous to natural laws, and metaphysical indeterminism is modeled on causal indeterminacy. This kind of indeterminacy is then put to work in developing a novel theory of vagueness and a solution to the sorites paradox. 相似文献
68.
Discrimination behavior in a standard, two-alternative forced choice same/different task is usually measured by the pigeon’s
pecking one or the other of two arbitrary report areas. We found that pigeons make anticipatory, discriminative responses
to the visual display during the stimulus observing period prior to the availability of the report areas; the spatial distribution of these anticipatory discriminative responses strongly correlated
with the upcoming choice response. These anticipatory pecks provide evidence that the process of discrimination occurs well
before the moment of choice and that key aspects of this process can be revealed by looking at the distribution of observing
responses. We also manipulated the variability of the displayed items to study the nature of these anticipatory responses;
again, the spatial distribution of responding during the stimulus observing period strongly correlated with the upcoming choice
response. The distribution of these prechoice pecks supports the theory that pigeons search for differences in the displayed
items. If differences are found, then pigeons prepare to report “different”; if not, then they report “same.” 相似文献
69.
The current study was conducted to test the premise that computer-based intervention that targets auditory temporal processing combined with language exercises (Fast ForWord) is effective in remediating children with disorders of language and reading. Sixty-five middle school struggling readers were randomly assigned to one of five groups and over a 12-week-period received one of the following interventions: (1) two phases of intervention with Fast ForWord (FFW, experimental group), (2) two phases of intervention with SuccessMaker (SM, active control group), (3) FFW followed by SM, (4) SM followed by FFW, or (5) no intervention beyond the regular class curriculum (developmental control group). Changes in reading, phonemic awareness, spelling and language skills were assessed via a repeated measures MANOVA. Results indicated significant within-subjects effects (i.e., change for all participants over time), but no between-subject group differences, failing to show that Fast ForWord resulted in any gains over and above those seen in the other groups. 相似文献
70.
Miriam K. Ehrensaft Gail A. Wasserman Lena Verdelli Steven Greenwald Laurie S. Miller Mark Davies 《Journal of child and family studies》2003,12(1):27-40
We investigated the independent contributions of maternal history of antisocial behavior and parenting practices to the worsening course of sons' behavior problems in a sample of young urban boys at risk for antisocial behavior. Mothers reported on boys' behavior problems at baseline and one year later, as well as on their own history of antisocial behavior before and after age 15, and of lifetime depression and substance use disorders (provisional DSM-III-R diagnoses). Baseline reports of parenting practices were obtained. Lower involvement, lower monitoring, and higher levels of parent–child conflict and maternal Conduct Disorder (CD) before age 15 contributed to the worsening of boys' behavior problems one year later; mothers' symptoms of Antisocial Personality Disorder after age 15 did not. Mothers' lifetime history of Major Depression and Substance Use Disorder did not add to the worsening of boys' behavior problems after accounting for these other factors. Although maternal CD contributed directly to the worsening of boys' behavior problems, the effect of parenting was more substantial. We discuss clinical implications for prevention and treatment of children's antisocial behavior, and intergenerational implications of girls' early antisocial behavior. 相似文献