中医是科学吗?

中医是否科学的争论由来已久,科学观不同,答案各异.肯定者认为它是东方传统科学,否定者则视之为传统文化、实用技术或巫术.正确认识这一问题具有科学、文化与产业三方面的意义.应以求实的态度、历史的观点和系统的方法探讨之,其结果不仅有利于中医的发展,也有助于对科学本质的理解.     

The challenges of leadership in the modern world: introduction to the special issue

This article surveys contemporary trends in leadership theory as well as its current status and the social context that has shaped the contours of leadership studies. Emphasis is placed on the urgent need for collaboration among social-neuro-cognitive scientists in order to achieve an integrated theory, and the author points to promising leads for accomplishing this. He also asserts that the 4 major threats to world stability are a nuclear/biological catastrophe, a world-wide pandemic, tribalism, and the leadership of human institutions. Without exemplary leadership, solving the problems stemming from the first 3 threats will be impossible.     

高中生的英语学习策略及其影响因素的研究

现有的研究表明,学生的英语成绩会受到学习策略、观念和自我效能感的影响.本文在回顾现有研究成果和相关理论的基础上,采用访谈和问卷调查相结合的方法,对高中生的英语成绩、学习策略、观念和自我效能感的关系进行研究,进一步讨论高中生的英语学习策略的影响因素和路径,得出以下结论:一、英语学习策略、学习观念、自我效能感、英语成绩之间的相关显著,英语成绩受认知记忆策略的影响最大;二、最常用的英语学习策略是补偿策略、记忆认知策略和元认知策略;三、影响高中生英语学习策略掌握的主要自我效能感因素为学习能力和挑战心,主要学习观念因素是方法和自信.     

Spiritual Assessment in Genetic Counseling

One hundred and twenty seven full members of the National Society of Genetic Counselors participated in this study exploring current spiritual assessment practices of genetic counselors and reactions to a spiritual assessment tool. While 60% of genetic counselors reported they had performed a spiritual assessment within the past year, fewer than 8.7% of these counselors assessed spirituality in more than half of their sessions. Counselors reporting high perceived relevance of spiritual assessment performed an assessment more frequently than those reporting a low perceived relevance. Barriers to spiritual assessment included lack of time, insufficient skills, and uncertainty regarding the role of spiritual assessment within genetic counseling. Almost two-thirds of counselors expressed that having a spiritual assessment tool would increase their ability to elicit relevant information. These data suggest a need for increased training regarding the methods for and relevance of spiritual assessment in genetic counseling. Recommendations for future directions of research are explored.     

信息在人类中传递处理的特点和其进化上的意义

人类信息在世代之间传递有两种途径:一种是依靠遗传,一种是通过非遗传的途径。遗传信息主要靠遗传基因来携带和传递,对个体的生存和延续是最重要的。而非遗传信息主要靠感觉和学习来获得,这种籍传媒的信息获取可能在人类中才具有。为何在生物进化上,要采用这种先天遗传,后天习得,这种两条腿走路的方式来在传布信息呢?目前尚没有一个合理的解释。在本文中我们分别就这两个方面发展进行论述。     

焦虑易感群体焦虑识别与消退中催产素的作用

如何准确识别并缓解焦虑易感群体的焦虑情绪具有重要的社会意义和应用价值。目前焦虑识别与消退的研究缺乏客观和直接的手段,而且在作用机制上也不清晰。本项目以催产素在高依恋焦虑个体焦虑识别与消退中的作用机制为主要研究内容,创造性地将焦虑识别与消退整合在催产素的研究框架内,从生理测量和药物干预的视角为焦虑识别和消退提供新的研究思路。研究成果对于理解焦虑反应中的神经荷尔蒙机制具有重要科学意义,也为高依恋焦虑群体的焦虑评估和干预提供了新的路径参考,对维护和提升个体的心理健康具有重要价值。     

Sex differences in the activity level of infants1

A gender difference in motor activity level (AL) is well established for children, but questions about the existence and nature of an infant sex difference remain. To assess these questions, we applied meta‐analytic procedures to summarize 46 infancy studies comprising 78 male–female motor activity comparisons. Our results showed that, as with children, male infants were more active than females. Objective measures of infant AL estimated the size of this difference to be 0.2 standard deviations, though subjective parent‐report measures estimated the difference to be smaller. We argue that this early sex difference in activity level is biologically based. However, socialization processes, such as gender‐differentiated expectations and experiences, in conjunction with further sex‐differentiated biological developments, amplify this early difference to produce the larger gender differences in activity found during childhood. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

主题关系在4~5岁儿童不同属性归纳推理发展中的作用

为探讨主题关系在儿童归纳推理中的作用,采用经典的三角归纳范式,设计了主题关系和知觉相似冲突、主题关系和分类学关系冲突两种情形,来考察4~5岁儿童在内在属性和情境性属性任务中的归纳推理。结果显示：当主题关系和知觉相似冲突时,从4.5岁开始儿童主要基于主题关系对情境性属性进行归纳推理,而对于内在属性的推论,4~5岁儿童在基于主题关系和基于知觉相似上没有显著差异。当主题关系和分类学关系冲突时,从4.5岁开始儿童主要基于主题关系对情境性属性进行归纳推理,从5岁开始儿童主要基于分类学关系对内在属性进行归纳推理。两个实验结果均发现5岁和5.5岁儿童能够依据不同的属性使用不同的关系推理,表现出归纳灵活性