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153.
Brodsky W Kessler Y Rubinstein BS Ginsborg J Henik A 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2008,34(2):427-445
This study investigated the mental representation of music notation. Notational audiation is the ability to internally "hear" the music one is reading before physically hearing it performed on an instrument. In earlier studies, the authors claimed that this process engages music imagery contingent on subvocal silent singing. This study refines the previously developed embedded melody task and further explores the phonatory nature of notational audiation with throat-audio and larynx-electromyography measurement. Experiment 1 corroborates previous findings and confirms that notational audiation is a process engaging kinesthetic-like covert excitation of the vocal folds linked to phonatory resources. Experiment 2 explores whether covert rehearsal with the mind's voice also involves actual motor processing systems and suggests that the mental representation of music notation cues manual motor imagery. Experiment 3 verifies findings of both Experiments 1 and 2 with a sample of professional drummers. The study points to the profound reliance on phonatory and manual motor processing--a dual-route stratagem--used during music reading. Further implications concern the integration of auditory and motor imagery in the brain and cross-modal encoding of a unisensory input. 相似文献
154.
Meta-analysis of cognitive-behavioral interventions on HIV-positive persons' mental health and immune functioning. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nicole Crepaz Warren F Passin Jeffrey H Herbst Sima M Rama Robert M Malow David W Purcell Richard J Wolitski 《Health psychology》2008,27(1):4-14
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral interventions (CBIs) for improving the mental health and immune functioning of people living with HIV (PLWH). DESIGN: Comprehensive searches of electronic databases from 1988 to 2005, hand searches of journals, reference lists of articles, and contacts with researchers. Meta-analytic approaches were used in synthesizing findings. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Intervention effects on symptoms of depression, anxiety, and anger, stress, and CD4 cell counts were assessed. RESULTS: Data from 15 controlled trials were analyzed. Significant intervention effects were observed for improving symptoms of depression (d = 0.33), anxiety (d = 0.30), anger (d = 1.00), and stress (d = 0.43). There is limited evidence suggesting intervention effects on CD4 cell counts (d = 0.08). The aggregated effect size estimates for depression and anxiety were statistically significant in trials that provided stress management skills training and had more than 10 intervention sessions. CONCLUSION: CBIs are efficacious in improving various psychological states of PLWH. Future research should examine the relationship among interventions, psychological states, medication adherence, and immune functions, and identify other relevant factors associated with intervention effects. 相似文献
155.
Warren T McConnell K Rayner K 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2008,34(4):1001-1010
Plausibility violations resulting in impossible scenarios lead to earlier and longer lasting eye movement disruption than violations resulting in highly unlikely scenarios (K. Rayner, T. Warren, B. J. Juhasz, & S. P. Liversedge, 2004; T. Warren & K. McConnell, 2007). This could reflect either differences in the timing of availability of different kinds of information (e.g., selectional restrictions, world knowledge, and context) or differences in their relative power to guide semantic interpretation. The authors investigated eye movements to possible and impossible events in real-world and fantasy contexts to determine when contextual information influences detection of impossibility cued by a semantic mismatch between a verb and an argument. Gaze durations on a target word were longer to impossible events independent of context. However, a measure of the time elapsed from first fixating the target word to moving past it showed disruption only in the real-world context. These results suggest that contextual information did not eliminate initial disruption but moderated it quickly thereafter. 相似文献
156.
Drawing on a qualitative study based on in-depth interviews with 30 rural and urban Australian women, we analyze their experiences
of a hysterectomy for conditions other than cancer. Women were recruited via advertisements in community newspapers and the
network sampling technique. The study aimed to identify the personal, social and medical factors that influenced their decision
to undergo surgery and on their understandings of self following this procedure. Three common themes emerged: a negative response
to a hysterectomy, ambivalence about it and a perceiving it as having a positive impact on the woman’s self. The latter pattern
predominated, indicating that contrary to the medical rhetoric, women’s own accounts are different and relevant when counseling
women about a hysterectomy. 相似文献
157.
Warren A. Whisenant 《Sex roles》2008,58(11-12):768-775
To establish if male hegemony continued to exist in high school athletics within the USA and to determine the extent that homologous reproduction (hiring people of the same gender) might be a contributing factor, the administrative structures of 480 high school athletic departments were analyzed. The gender of each school’s principal, athletic director, and coaches were collected from The National Directory of High School Coaches. Male hegemony was found to exist since men dominated both principal (76%) and athletic director (85%) positions, however evidence of homologous reproduction was only evident at the coaching level. The culture of hegemonic masculinity within athletics might be sustained more as a result of sex-role theory or gender-based schematic processing, rather than homologous reproduction. 相似文献
158.
159.
以城市居民用水两难情景为实验任务,探讨了处罚(罚款)对城市居民个人用水行为的影响。结果表明:相对只是对违规的个体进行处罚的方式,个体一群体其他成员处罚的方式更能约束人们的不良行为发生相对于现行水价标准,5.4元的超水高额处罚标准很可能是人们的一个心理接受节点,高于该金额的水费处罚标准人们可能将难以接受。 相似文献
160.
Wallace JP Myers MF Huether CA Bedard AC Warren NS 《Journal of genetic counseling》2008,17(3):209-219
The development of a PhD in genetic counseling has been discussed for more than 20 years, yet the perspectives of employers have not been assessed. The goal of this qualitative study was to gain an understanding of the employability of genetic counselors with a PhD in genetic counseling by conducting interviews with United States employers of genetic counselors. Study participants were categorized according to one of the following practice areas: academic, clinical, government, industry, laboratory, or research. All participants were responsible for hiring genetic counselors in their institutions. Of the 30 employers interviewed, 23 envisioned opportunities for individuals with a PhD degree in genetic counseling, particularly in academic and research settings. Performing research and having the ability to be a principal investigator on a grant was the primary role envisioned for these individuals by 22/30 participants. Employers expect individuals with a PhD in genetic counseling to perform different roles than MS genetic counselors with a master's degree. This study suggests there is an employment niche for individuals who have a PhD in genetic counseling that complements, and does not compete with, master's prepared genetic counselors. 相似文献