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951.
This study investigated the effects of mood induction on Stroop color-naming times for threat-related words. The subjects’
task was to color-name sets of threat-related words and affectively neutral matched control words both before and after mood-induction.
Subjects were shown a short film about the medical effects of nuclear war (negative affect manipulation), a humorous cartoon,
or no film. A significant and highly reliable color-naming decrement of the threat-related words was observed only after the
negative affect manipulation. This indicates that the attentional bias towards the processing of threat-related material observed
in clinically anxious or high Trait-Anxious subjects can be induced in initially nonanxious subjects. An incidental recall
task included in the procedure provided no evidence of mood state dependent recall. 相似文献
952.
Abstract— Although another person's experience of recollection cannot be observed directly, we have found that the underlying operations can be monitored using noninvasive electrophysiological techniques. Results from two experiments showed that brain potentials elicited 500 to 900 ms after the onset of visually presented words vary systematically in amplitude with manipulations that influence the extent to which subjects engage in recollective processing. These brain potentials can thus be construed as correlates of the subjective experience of recollection 相似文献
953.
Richard M. Warren Keri R. Riener James A. Bashford Bradley S. Brubaker 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1995,57(2):175-182
The intelligibility of word lists subjected to various types of spectral filtering has been studied extensively. Although words used for communication are usually present in sentences rather than lists, there has been no systematic report of the intelligibility of lexical components of narrowband sentences. In the present study, we found that surprisingly little spectral information is required to identify component words when sentences are heard through narrow spectral slits. Four hundred twenty listeners (21 groups of 20 subjects) were each presented with 100 bandpass filtered CID ( “everyday speech ”) sentences; separate groups received center frequencies of 370, 530, 750, 1100, 1500, 2100, 3000, 4200, and 6000 Hz at 70 dBA SPL. In Experiment 1, intelligibility of single 1/3-octave bands with steep filter slopes (96 dB/octave) averaged more than 95% for sentences centered at 1100, 1500, and 2100 Hz. In Experiment 2, we used the same center frequencies with extremely narrow bands (slopes of 115 dB/octave intersecting at the center frequency, resulting in a nominal bandwidth of l/20 octave). Despite the severe spectral tilt for all frequencies of this impoverished spectrum, intelligibility remained relatively high for most bands, with the greatest intelligibility (77%) at 1500 Hz. In Experiments 1 and 2, the bands centered at 370 and 6000 Hz provided little useful information when presented individually, but in each experiment they interacted synergistically when combined. The present findings demonstrate the adaptive flexibility of mechanisms used for speech perception and are discussed in the context of the LAME model of opportunistic multilevel processing. 相似文献
954.
Male and female respondents rated jokes with either a female initiator/male target of joke or vice versa. For male respondents,
the gender of the joke target made no difference. For female respondents, however, jokes with males as the target received
significantly higher ratings than jokes with females as the target. 相似文献
955.
The role of oral stimulation in the control of ingestive behavior was investigated using an airlicking procedure. It was hypothesized
that the oral experience of airlicking would inhibit subsequent ingestive activity (water intake), possibly via an habituation
process as suggested by recent research (Swithers, 1996). Rats were implanted with gastric cannulas and trained to lick at
a stream of air. Experimental conditions con-sisted of combinations of airlicking and intragastric hydration followed by oral
intake of water. In support of the main hypothesis, airlicking did reduce subsequent ingestive activity. While the role of
habituation was not tested directly, the results lend support to the proposal that oral stimulation does control ingestion,
and this control could act through an habituation process. 相似文献
956.
The study examined the job-search intentions and subsequent behavior of 32 unemployed males and 32 unemployed females, median
age of 43 years, in relation to conscientiousness and the lower-order trait procrastination and to rated person-task characteristics
of importance, pleasantness, and competence regarding 14 job-search activities. At Time 1, conscientiousness was positively
related to each of the person-task characteristics and to intentions to engage in the composite of job-search activities;
trait procrastination was not. At Time 2, two weeks later, trait procrastination predicted self-reported job-search behaviors,
controlling for initial intentions, with pro-crastinators exhibiting less job-search activity in the two week interim, compared
to nonprocrastinators. Both conscientiousness and trait procrastination were related to a direct self-report measure of dilatory
behavior. The three person-task characteristics were found to mediate the relation of conscientiousness to job-search intentions
and to dilatory behavior. In addition, perceived task pleasantness moderated the relation of conscientiousness to job-search
behavior, controlling for intentions, such that higher levels of conscientiousness were associated with increases in behavior
only under conditions of low task pleasantness. Discussion centered on the prominent role of the person-task characteristics
and on the place of conscientiousness and trait procrastination in predicting intentions and behavior. 相似文献
957.
In concurrent-chains schedules, pigeons prefer terminal links that provide two keys correlated with reinforcers (free choice) over those that provide only one key (forced choice), terminal-link reinforcement rates being equal. With same-size keys, free choice provides a larger area available for pecking. Preferences were examined using terminal links that differed in key number only (one or two) or key size only (small and medium or medium and large), or that equated the area of the two free-choice keys with that of the forced-choice key. Medium (standard) keys were typically preferred to small keys, but indifference was typically obtained between medium and large keys. The size preference usually overrode free-choice preference with one medium key pitted against two small keys, but free-choice preference was reliably observed with one large key pitted against two medium keys. In other words, preferences were a joint function of key number and key area, implying that free-choice preference is not reducible to preference for larger key areas. Free-choice preference requires separate keys rather than larger areas; the relevant behavioral units are the discriminated operants correlated with each terminal-link key rather than classes defined by topographical features such as area or perimeter. 相似文献
958.
959.
960.