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941.
Self-directed demeaning ethnic humor is hypothesized to represent either a means of self-deprecation or a stance of disidentifying
with one’s own group of origin. Compendia of published Yiddish humor were examined to empirically test competing conceptualizations
of Jewish wit. Results are analyzed in the context of the social milieu of the publication samples. 相似文献
942.
Sidney Rosen Susan E. Mickler Wai Hing Cheuk William D. McIntosh Thomas F. Harlow Patrick Rawa Winona Cochran 《Current Psychology》1996,15(2):99-112
Two experiments support and extend the thesis that rejection of their help is stressful for would-be helpers, and that it
leads to “damage controlling” reactions whose eventual goal is to restore their self-image of being efficacious at helping
and caring. American college students were invited to offer help, if they wished, to a poorly performing (confederate) recipient
who then either rejected or accepted it. Rejected helpers expressed relatively negative affect, biased postdictions of low
acceptance, claims of low decision control, recipient- and self-devaluation, and less desire for further association. Individual
differences in self-perceived “efficacious caring” and manipulated level of recipient need were shown to moderate some of
these outcome reactions. Violated expectancy of acceptance was shown to mediate some of these reactions. Studies were cited
showing the generalizability of these findings and theoretical framework to applied contexts and across cultural settings. 相似文献
943.
944.
There is a lack of quick, valid, and cost effective methods for selection of low-and mid-level managerial personnel. Using
content-valid methods to develop managerial selection instruments may reap substantial benefits for applicants as well as
for the organizations using such tools. To this end, based upon extensive job analysis, a content-valid managerial selection
test was developed. Criterion-based validity collected on the new instrument suggested that an instrument developed using
content-valid procedures can also show acceptable levels of criterion validity. 相似文献
945.
This study investigated the effects of mood induction on Stroop color-naming times for threat-related words. The subjects’
task was to color-name sets of threat-related words and affectively neutral matched control words both before and after mood-induction.
Subjects were shown a short film about the medical effects of nuclear war (negative affect manipulation), a humorous cartoon,
or no film. A significant and highly reliable color-naming decrement of the threat-related words was observed only after the
negative affect manipulation. This indicates that the attentional bias towards the processing of threat-related material observed
in clinically anxious or high Trait-Anxious subjects can be induced in initially nonanxious subjects. An incidental recall
task included in the procedure provided no evidence of mood state dependent recall. 相似文献
946.
Richard M. Warren Keri R. Riener James A. Bashford Bradley S. Brubaker 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1995,57(2):175-182
The intelligibility of word lists subjected to various types of spectral filtering has been studied extensively. Although words used for communication are usually present in sentences rather than lists, there has been no systematic report of the intelligibility of lexical components of narrowband sentences. In the present study, we found that surprisingly little spectral information is required to identify component words when sentences are heard through narrow spectral slits. Four hundred twenty listeners (21 groups of 20 subjects) were each presented with 100 bandpass filtered CID ( “everyday speech ”) sentences; separate groups received center frequencies of 370, 530, 750, 1100, 1500, 2100, 3000, 4200, and 6000 Hz at 70 dBA SPL. In Experiment 1, intelligibility of single 1/3-octave bands with steep filter slopes (96 dB/octave) averaged more than 95% for sentences centered at 1100, 1500, and 2100 Hz. In Experiment 2, we used the same center frequencies with extremely narrow bands (slopes of 115 dB/octave intersecting at the center frequency, resulting in a nominal bandwidth of l/20 octave). Despite the severe spectral tilt for all frequencies of this impoverished spectrum, intelligibility remained relatively high for most bands, with the greatest intelligibility (77%) at 1500 Hz. In Experiments 1 and 2, the bands centered at 370 and 6000 Hz provided little useful information when presented individually, but in each experiment they interacted synergistically when combined. The present findings demonstrate the adaptive flexibility of mechanisms used for speech perception and are discussed in the context of the LAME model of opportunistic multilevel processing. 相似文献
947.
We analyze common reasoning about admissibility in the strategic and extensive form of a game. We define a notion of sequential proper admissibility in the extensive form, and show that, in finite extensive games with perfect recall, the strategies that are consistent with common reasoning about sequential proper admissibility in the extensive form are exactly those that are consistent with common reasoning about admissibility in the strategic form representation of the game. Thus in such games the solution given by common reasoning about admissibility does not depend on how the strategic situation is represented. We further explore the links between iterated admissibility and backward and forward induction. 相似文献
948.
To evaluate the effects of a procedure designed to teach appropriate social responses to adolescents with severe disabilities in an integrated school setting this study employed an ABA withdrawal design, replicated twice with two students, and an AB design with a third student. Social responses were recorded during daily training sessions and generalization probes. Treatment involved implementation, by the classroom teacher, of a constant time delay procedure utilizing nonhandicapped peers and a socially validated teaching curriculum. The results showed increases in correct responding and decreases in echolalia following intervention. Generalization of appropriate responding to nonhandicapped peers was demonstrated to varying degrees for all participants. 相似文献
949.
950.
Effects of ethanol on reinforced variations and repetitions by rats under a multiple schedule. 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
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Response sequences emitted by five Long-Evans rats were reinforced under a two-component multiple schedule. In the REPEAT component, food pellets were contingent upon completion of a left-left-right-right (LLRR) sequence on two levers. In the VARY component, pellets were contingent upon variable sequences (i.e., a sequence was reinforced only if it differed from each of the previous five sequences). The rats learned to emit LLRR sequences in the REPEAT component and variable sequences in VARY. Intraperitoneal injections of ethanol (1.25, 1.75, and 2.25 g/kg) significantly increased sequence variability in REPEAT, thereby lowering reinforcement probability, but had little effect on sequence variability in the VARY component. These results extend previous findings that alcohol impairs the performance of reinforced repetitions but not of reinforced variations in response sequences. 相似文献