我国心理学现代化的基本理论观点和方法论——从我国心理学三十年的实践谈起

建国以来我国心理学已经历了三十年的曲折发展过程。现在,我们以实践是检验真理的唯一标准的观点对三十年来我国心理学发展的经验教训进行探讨,就成为我国心理学现代化的一个重要研究课题。 一 冯特于1879年在莱比锡建立了心理学实验室,成为现代心理学的开端,至今整整一百     

两种触觉长度知觉方式的比较

在主动触觉中,长度知觉通过手的各种触摸动作而实现,构成各种触觉长度知觉方式。例如,可以用食指沿物体表面从一端摸到另一端,或用拇指和食指夹住物体两侧并触摸。这两种触觉长度知觉方式在感知长度时是不一致的(Hohmuth)。我们已经报     

关于心理学研究方法分类的初探

一、心理学研究方法的发展史二、八木冕、鲁宾斯坦、皮尔奥夫的分类法三、作者的分类     

主观参考框架在心理旋转中的作用

本研究在心理旋转新的实验范式中引入了一种和当前刺激极不相象但具有强烈参考框架信息的前置刺激,以探讨前置刺激的后续效应的性质。实验结果表明,前置刺激为被试对当前刺激的正像/镜像判断提供了参考框架信息而不是匹配所需的记忆痕迹模板。这一结果倾向于支持Robertson等人(1987)提出的概率混合模型。研究还发现,前置刺激的参考框架作用很有限,仅在400ms的时间内起作用,这说明它在一般情况下很难被旋转。     

几种色光呈现条件下人眼红、绿光感受性的变化

采用阈值法探讨了人眼在红、橙、绿、蓝4种色光适应条件下红、绿光感受性的变化及机制。结果表明:当背景及目标均为稳光时,在不同的背景光条件下,人眼554nm(绿)及656nm(红)光感受性的变化显示了明显的感觉颉抗性效应,且不受色觉适应的影响;如果所呈现的背景光是稳态光,目标先是闪烁光,除辨别是现在554nm背景光上的656nm(红)目标,在其余条件下,均未发现颜色感觉颉抗效应;如果背景光是闪烁光,目标光为稳态光时,在不同的背景光条件下,人眼对554nm(绿)及656nm(红)波长的辨别结果有感觉颉抗效应存在,并且辨别感受性也明显提高。     

用温度性眼震电图检查鉴定105例严重飞行错觉飞行员的初步报告

飞行错觉是复杂气象飞行中每个飞行员都可能发生的一种心理生理现象。据我们观察,在飞行员发生的飞行错觉中,93％是一过性的,反应轻微;7％是严重的,反复发生,且难以克服,影响操作,伴有不适症状,甚至可能导致严重飞行事故。因此,开展严重飞行错觉医务鉴定的研究,对保证飞行安全具有实际意义。     

老年人短时记忆特点的研究

本工作以50名青年作对照,对240名65—90岁正常老人的短时记忆特点进行了研究。结果看到:1.在逻辑故事记忆、图象自由回忆、数字广度和指向记忆四项记忆成绩上,均有随年老而衰退的明显趋势。其中除数字广度外,其他三项记忆在入老年后(65岁至90岁)有继续减退的趋势。在逻辑故事、指向记忆和总分上还见到有65岁和70岁组、75岁和80岁组成绩接近的现象;2.老年人顺背数字成绩较好,对刺激序列中末端刺激的正确回忆率较高,均说明老年人的初级记忆受损较少;3.四项记忆成绩比较,青年组故事分节分最高,然后依次为图象自由回忆、顺背数字和指向记忆,而老年组则无此明显顺序;4.文化因素对记忆成绩有明显影响。     

Intrahemispheric visual-motor information processing and cerebral functional lateralization.

A series of stimuli, words and faces, were presented tachistoscopically to 24 dextrals and 12 sinistrals. The stimuli were presented to one eye at a time and the subjects were instructed to respond to specific words or stimuli with a specific hand. The results indicate that (1) cerebral functional asymmetry is related to handedness; in the dextrals, the left hemisphere is more specialized in verbal recognition, while in the sinistrals, the right hemisphere is more specialized in recognizing non-verbal material. (2) An ipsilateral hand-and-eye combination is a valid method of measuring intrahemispheric information processing, provided that the tachistoscopically presented visual stimuli are capable of inciting specialized hemispheric function. The dominant relationship among the crossed and non-crossed visual pathways is discussed.     

Fact and fantasy: the roles of accuracy and variability in confusing imaginations with perceptual experiences

In Experiment 1, pictures were presented to subjects two, five, or eight times, and subjects were asked to imagine each pciture two, five, or eight times. Subsequently, subjects estimated the number of times each picture had been presented. Their estimates of the frequency of these external events were influenced by imagination trials; this effect was greater for good imagers than for poor imagers. Experiment 2 involved a similar design in which subjects were asked either to imagine the same referent for a word or to imagine a different referent for a word on successive imagination trials. Consistency (same referent) did not increase the influence of imaginations on immediate judgments of external frequency. Thus, the results of Experiment 1 were attributed to the greater accuracy (as opposed to greater consistency) of good imagers' internal generations of the stimuli. Furthermore, variation (imagining different referents), like greater accuracy, increased the effects of imagination trials on immediate but not on delayed judgments of frequency. Possible mechanisms underlying these effects are discussed. In general, the two studies show that qualitative characteristics of completely covert generations influence their impact on estimates of the frequency of external events.     

Stopping rules for multi-category computerized classification testing

Computerized classification testing (CCT) aims to classify persons into one of two or more possible categories to make decisions such as mastery/non-mastery or meet most/meet all/exceed. A defining feature of CCT is its stopping criterion: the test terminates when there is enough confidence to make a decision. There is abundant research on CCT with a single cut-off, and two common stopping criteria are the sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) statistic and the generalized likelihood ratio statistic (GLR). However, there is a relative scarcity of research extending the SPRT to the multi-hypothesis case for when there is more than one cut-off. In this paper, we propose a new multi-category GLR (mGLR) statistic as well as a stochastically curtailed version of the CCT with three or more categories. A simulation study was conducted to show that the mGLR statistic outperformed the existing stopping rules by generating shorter average test length without sacrificing classification accuracy. Results also revealed that the stochastically curtailed mGLR successfully increased test efficiency in certain testing conditions.