同伴特点如何影响人们的合作与冲突行为?

人类的生存繁衍依赖于人们之间的相互合作,合作与冲突行为的研究近年来成为心理学的研究热点。本研究通过实验程序操纵Chicken Game中博弈同伴的特点,考察个体在社会困境中面对不同特点同伴时的合作行为。结果发现：(1)同伴道义论组和功利论组总和解率没有显著差异,同伴竞争组和合作组的总和解率也没有显著差异。(2)在与道义论以及合作型的同伴互动时,个体的行为没有明显受到上次博弈反馈的影响。(3)当同伴为功利论时,相比于上次博弈个体选择和解而同伴选择进攻,双方都选择和解时个体在当前博弈中更倾向于和解;(4)在同伴竞争组中,相比于上次博弈个体选择进攻而同伴选择和解,双方都选择和解时被试在当前博弈中会更倾向于和解。实验结果表明个体在博弈任务中会受到同伴特点的影响,并且同伴在博弈中的行为特点的影响更为显著。本研究从同伴特点来考察个体的合作行为,揭示了影响个体博弈行为的一种因素。     

贪官迷信鬼神的思维逻辑

我们这里最近又有一个贪官垮台了,此前他家中供神,办公室的里间供神,电香火日夜像鬼火一样烧着,到哪儿都算命打卦,身边还豢养个《易经》大师兼风水大师,每逢出门必定得摇一卦,自己的名字改来改去。我和他很熟,屡次告诉他千万别信鬼神、天命,凡信者都是愚昧和软弱。但是他坚定地认为:一切都是天命,人没有任何力量。这次他倒了,我到看守所去看他,我说:你那么虔诚地求神拜神,为什么神不能保佑你?他喟然长叹:万般皆是命,半点不由人哪,这回我更信神了,去年有个大师给我算命卜卦,说我今年有灾,我没有在意,原因在我呀!看来他是至死不悟了。其实,他…     

人与自然关系:作为中西文学发展的重要线索

人与自然关系是文学表现的重要母题。透过文学的发展,可以窥视出人类社会在社会实践推动下所走过的历史道路。本文意在通过中西文学发展中人与自然关系的描写,揭示人与自然关系的变化过程,并在历史的视野中审视生态批判的当代意义。     

浅析孔子教育传播思想

教育传播学属于跨学科研究领域,在我国尚属新兴学科。从传播学的角度解读孔子的教育传播思想,可以发现其教育传播思想中教育传播平民化;以文字传播作为主要的教育传播媒介;严格的传者自律;强烈的受众意识等诸多方面的内容。     

北朝临淄崔氏家族史新证

本文比照文献资料,对北朝临淄崔氏家族墓志所载崔鸿八世祖崔岳仕宦情况进行了考证,指出墓志所载崔岳“晋司徒”属于伪托。实际情况是:西晋时崔岳为朝鲜令,庇护匈奴刘曜而被追赠为前赵“大司徒”,由于十六国北朝时期匈奴与汉民族矛盾尖锐,在当时正统观念支配下,崔氏墓志及《十六国春秋》无不避讳此事。     

《管子》"人与天调"的生态观

《管子·水地》等篇章,阐述了人类应合理地使用和保护自然资源;以遵循自然规律为准则,建立人与环境良性互动的常态,它们忠实地记载了管仲及其学派在倡导农业生产中所表现出的环境与生存发展的生态平衡思想。     

A multi-objective mathematical programming problem with fuzzy relation constraints

In this study we discuss the problem of multi-objective mathematical programming with constraints defined by ‘max-min’ composite fuzzy relation equations. Since the feasible region is normally non-convex, the properties of the efficient points of a non-convex feasible region under multi-objectives are investigated and illustrated by examples. The necessary and sufficient conditions are proposed and proved. To facilitate decisions, a procedure that transforms these efficient points of an interval-valued decision space into a constant-valued decision space is proposed when the level of confidence is given by a decision maker. Then the transformed problem becomes a multi-attribute decision problem that can be evaluated by Yager's method to find the optimal alternative.     

Creating nonbelieved memories for bizarre actions using an imagination inflation procedure

The current experiments examined the creation of nonbelieved true and false memories after imagining bizarre and familiar actions using the imagination inflation procedure (Goff & Roediger, 1998). In both experiments, participants took part in three sessions. In Session 1, participants had to perform or imagine simple familiar actions (e.g., “stir the water with the spoon”) and bizarre actions (e.g., “balance the spoon on your nose”). A day later, participants needed to imagine simple actions of which some were new actions, and some were old actions that appeared in the first session. After a week, the participants completed a recognition task. For those actions that were correctly or incorrectly remembered as having been performed, the participant was challenged that the action was not performed in order to evoke nonbelieved true and false memories. In general, we found that the imagination inflation procedure can successfully induce participants to produce nonbelieved memories. In Study 1, we successfully induced nonbelieved memories for bizarre actions, although in general nonbelieved memory rates were low. In Study 2, more participants formed nonbelieved memories for bizarre actions than for familiar actions. Also, we found that especially belief was more susceptible to revision when memories were challenged than recollection. In two experiments, we showed that nonbelieved memories can successfully be induced for both familiar and bizarre actions.     

论内化于行动的观念

观念是在先于主客二分的实践(行动主义)视角下、内化于个体活动中的意识,它首先与个体活动相关,有别于仅仅在认识论视角(非时间性的上帝视角)下的意识。作为常识理性的观念、作为社会意识的观念、作为默会知识的观念、作为人的活动形式的“观念的东西”、作为赋予意义和价值评价的观念、作为“思想具体”的观念,是“观念”的六种常见用法。     

发生学意义上的汉民族宗教渊源

经民族学与宗教学双重比较研究发现,不像其他民族、宗教,汉族及其宗教都是很难说清的,即不仅汉族的族源问题与特征问题难以说清,而且汉族的宗教认同也远比其他民族宗教难以说清。在学界,很少有人把汉族与汉族宗教联系起来。但从民族与宗教的相互关系视角,能够更好探明二者的渊源。用宗教阐释汉族的渊源,能使人豁然开朗。汉族的族性与汉族的宗教性是互为因果的,汉族的先民创造了独特的多元宗教信仰,多元宗教反过来造就了后来汉族的多元文化属性,使其能够吸收更多周边民族的精华,变成更大更为多元的民族,这是汉族能够成为世界第一大民族的根本原因之一。汉族及其宗教根源在于早期汉族并未塑造创世说,造成上古时代创世说的空白,对汉族宗教产生和发展都产生了深远影响。为此,本文探讨的重点问题是汉族发生学意义上的宗教渊源。