Promoting balance and jumping skills in children with Down syndrome

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in balance and qualitative and quantitative jumping performances by 20 children with Down syndrome (3 to 6 years) on jumping lessons. 30 typical children ages 3 to 6 years were recruited as a comparison group. Before the jumping lesson, a pretest was given subjects for balance and jumping skill measures based on the Motor Proficiency and Motor Skill Inventory, respectively. Subjects with Down syndrome received 3 sessions on jumping per week for 6 weeks but not the typical children. Then, a posttest was administered to all subjects. Analysis of covariance showed the pre- and posttest differences on scores for floor walk, beam walk, and horizontal and vertical jumping by subjects with Down syndrome were significantly greater than those for the typical children.     

小学生的品德不良行为及其心理与行为适应问题研究

运用测量法和问卷法,以某市357名小学生为对象,探讨了小学生的品德不良行为及其心理问题与行为适应性问题,并揭示了它们之间相互的关系。结果发现:小学生的品行不良、心理健康问题和行为适应问题都存在显著的年级差异,并受学习成绩的显著影响:成绩差的学生在这些问题上最严重;且品行不良和学习问题存在显著的性别差异;小学生的品德不良水平与许多心理问题之间存在显著相关;五年级是一个转折点:在品德不良行为和许多心理问题中都是高峰,随后开始下降。     

大学生知识价值观的实证研究

该研究从理论上界定了知识价值观及其基本成分(即知识价值目标、知识价值评价和知识价值手段)。运用设计的《大学生知识价值观调查表》,对2043名大学生进行了调查。结果显示,大学生在知识价值目标、知识价值评价和知识价值手段三方面都呈现出年级、性别和专业的差异。     

工作倦怠的测量及其干预研究综述

工作倦怠不仅会给组织和家庭带来消极的影响,而且会严重损害个体的身心健康,因而有必要采取措施进行干预。文章首先描述工作倦怠的定义,接着对其测量进行介绍,然后在此基础上分析其相关的影响因素,并指出如何实现有效的干预,最后对研究的热点进行了展望。     

从朋党、会党到政党的嬗变——论传统中国政治参与方式的现代转换

中国传统社会中朋党和秘密会党的产生以及生存,与传统中国的政治制度紧密相连,而从朋党(或言之派系)、秘密会党到现代政党的转变,不仅反映出传统中国政治制度上的革命性变迁,同时也折射出民众在政治结社、政治参与方式以及参政观念上的改变,这无疑是晚清至民国民众政治生活的最重大变化。政治参与方面的本质性变化是政治发展的核心要素,民众结社能力的提高无疑对政治发展具有极其重要的意义,而传统中国独特的政治参与方式——朋党、会党在晚清的政治现代化运动中向政党转变的轨迹,凸显了传统社会普通民众政治参与方式、结社活动在现代化过程中所发生的质的飞跃。本文尝试对这一重大的历史变迁进程作一个较为全面的梳理。     

民间信仰对中国宗教发展的影响

民间信仰,虽以鬼神信仰和崇拜为核心,但由于它不完全具备宗教的基本要素,因此,按正统说法它不属于宗教。尽管如此,民间信仰在中国的影响不亚于宗教。它不仅渗入到了中国民众的日常生活,同时也影响了中国宗教的产生和发展。本文将从民间信仰对宗教神灵信仰、仪式、组织、教义四个方面的影响来论述它对中国宗教发展所起的作用。     

论巴黎外方传教会对天主教中国本土化的影响

巴黎外方传教会档案材料显示,巴黎外方传教会的形成是十七世纪罗马为了落实天主教远东本土化政策和力排葡萄牙远东保教权而采取的一系列努力行动的结果。虽然巴黎外方传教会在传教经费来源上与法国政府具有一定的资助关系,但就其本质而言,它首先是一个在组织上直属于罗马的传教团体(Association),而非宗教修会(Congrégation),其主要目的是协助传信部建立远东土著教会,因此巴黎外方传教会入华对天主教中国本土化过程曾经产生过推动作用。     

贪官迷信鬼神的思维逻辑

我们这里最近又有一个贪官垮台了,此前他家中供神,办公室的里间供神,电香火日夜像鬼火一样烧着,到哪儿都算命打卦,身边还豢养个《易经》大师兼风水大师,每逢出门必定得摇一卦,自己的名字改来改去。我和他很熟,屡次告诉他千万别信鬼神、天命,凡信者都是愚昧和软弱。但是他坚定地认为:一切都是天命,人没有任何力量。这次他倒了,我到看守所去看他,我说:你那么虔诚地求神拜神,为什么神不能保佑你?他喟然长叹:万般皆是命,半点不由人哪,这回我更信神了,去年有个大师给我算命卜卦,说我今年有灾,我没有在意,原因在我呀!看来他是至死不悟了。其实,他…     

Processing demand modulates the effects of spatial attention on the judged duration of a brief stimulus

How does attention influence the judged duration of a brief stimulus? In the four experiments reported here, we show that the effect of spatial attention on duration judgment depends on the processing demand of the concurrent nontemporal task. When participants had to perform a speeded letter discrimination task in addition to duration rating, the judged duration was longer at a cued location than at an uncued location, regardless of whether the cue was exogenous or endogenous. However, when the same stimuli were presented but no concurrent nontemporal task was required, duration was judged to be shorter at the cued location, as compared with the uncued locations. Furthermore, although spatial attention influenced duration judgment, no object-based attentional effects were found. These findings suggest that, although spatial attention plays an important role in the judged duration of a briefly presented stimulus, its effect is mediated by the processing demand of the task.     

An associative model of adaptive inference for learning word-referent mappings

People can learn word–referent pairs over a short series of individually ambiguous situations containing multiple words and referents (Yu & Smith, 2007, Cognition 106: 1558–1568). Cross-situational statistical learning relies on the repeated co-occurrence of words with their intended referents, but simple co-occurrence counts cannot explain the findings. Mutual exclusivity (ME: an assumption of one-to-one mappings) can reduce ambiguity by leveraging prior experience to restrict the number of word–referent pairings considered but can also block learning of non-one-to-one mappings. The present study first trained learners on one-to-one mappings with varying numbers of repetitions. In late training, a new set of word–referent pairs were introduced alongside pretrained pairs; each pretrained pair consistently appeared with a new pair. Results indicate that (1) learners quickly infer new pairs in late training on the basis of their knowledge of pretrained pairs, exhibiting ME; and (2) learners also adaptively relax the ME bias and learn two-to-two mappings involving both pretrained and new words and objects. We present an associative model that accounts for both results using competing familiarity and uncertainty biases.