Gender differences in adolescent concerns and emotional well-being: perceptions of Singaporean adolescent students

Although much has been written about adolescent adjustment and coping in Western countries, relatively little is known about similar issues in Asia. The authors examined the emotional adjustment of young adolescents in Singapore. They report adolescent concerns and how they influence adaptive functioning and emotional well-being. Data were obtained from three self-report measures: the Adolescent Concerns Measure (R. P Ang, W. H. Chong, V. S. Huan, & L. S. Yeo, in press), selected scales of the Behavioral Assessment System for Children Personality Self-Report (C. R. Reynolds & R. W. Kamphaus, 1998), and the Emotional Distress Scale of the Reynolds Adolescent Adjustment Screening Inventory (W. M. Reynolds, 2001). Emotional well-being emerged as a dominant concern for Singaporean youths with significant gender differences. Girls reported a more positive attitude toward school, better friendship skills, and stronger relationships with parents than did boys. However, girls registered significantly greater worries about self and emotional distress compared to boys. The authors discuss implications for teachers and mental health professionals.     

论汉末经学的反复:以郑玄、王肃为例

东汉末,雄居汉代统治思想宝座二百余年的官方正宗学术的经学开始走向衰亡,经学的衰亡成为历史的必然,经学衰微的总趋势是任何人也改变不了的,但是从某一历史局部来看,这时候经学却出现一统的盛世,即历史上所谓的"郑玄时代",为什么呢?从思想学术发展的自身规律去看,任何一种思想学术的聚与散都不同于其他事物,有着区别于其他事物的显著特征,那就是即便是体现着共同旨趣的学术群体瓦解了,或者所主张的学术思潮处于低潮而被世人所淡忘、冷落,但只要它曾经是流行于世的学术潮流,它就不可能完全消逝,而是以一种崭新的面貌或其他的形式再现于世的.换而言之,它们是不会轻易退出历史舞台的.这个道理同样适用于经学.在从经学到玄学的演进过程中,并不是一帆风顺的,中间有些反复也是很自然的.我们把这一特定的历史阶段叫着"经学的反复",而在这一阶段中,又以郑玄、王肃最具代表性,所以我们以他们俩为例加以说明.     

母子性格匹配、对性格的喜欢程度与青少年期母子沟通

以成都市两所中学632对初一到高三青少年及其母亲为研究对象,分别要求他们报告自己的性格、对对方性格的喜欢程度,同时要求青少年报告母子沟通状况,以考察性格匹配、性格喜好程度与母子沟通的关系。结果显示：性格均外向,情绪均稳定,精神质程度均低的母子性格匹配类型比其他母子性格匹配类型有更好的沟通。这一结果部分支持了吻合度理论。进一步的分析发现,相对于性格匹配,性格喜好程度对母子沟通的预测力更强,而且性格喜好程度在母子性格匹配类型与母子沟通的关系中发挥了完全或部分中介作用     

空间书写障碍的个案研究

根据书写加工理论,从异形字水平、图解动作模式水平和神经动作执行水平三个方面,综合考察一例空间书写障碍儿童的认知加工特点。结果表明：（1）个案QY的异形字水平出现选择性损伤,在视觉整体特征的知觉加工上存在困难,导致自发书写的汉字难以辨识,存在严重的间架结构问题。（2）个案QY在图解动作模式水平以及神经动作执行水平上表现正常     

印象形成中社会知觉信息效价冲突的认知控制效应

当个体信息与类别信息同时呈现时,个体的自我控制资源与信息效价产生交互作用,且共同影响他人印象形成的认知控制策略和信息加工深度。为进一步探究这一现象所产生的印象控制效应,采用自我控制资源损耗任务将96名被试随机分为高损耗组和低损耗组,并让他们完成内隐联想测验,以考察个体信息与类别信息的效价冲突时,他人印象控制策略如何受到自我控制资源与信息效价的双重影响。结果发现:(1)个体信息与类别信息的印象控制依赖于自我控制资源。(2)自我控制资源损耗与信息效价类型存在显著的交互作用。当个体损耗了较多的自我控制资源后,对效价冲突的个体信息与类别信息进行印象加工时,消极刻板印象的激活因受到这两类效价冲突信息的限制,只能依赖实时更新的面部表情信息,从而形成自下而上的反应性控制; 当个体损耗的自我控制资源较少时,对同样的个体信息与类别信息,不论效价相容或冲突,均能保持对消极刻板印象的自动激活,从而导致自上而下的主动性控制。     

韩愈的无神论思想

韩愈(公元786～824年),字退之,唐朝河阳 (今河南孟县)人,是著名的文学家,唐宋八大家之一,唐朝古文运动的领军人物。他与唐朝另一文学宗师柳宗元开创的韩柳文体对中国古代文学艺术产生了广泛深远的影响,这种影响直到“五四”新文化运动才慢慢衰退。难能可贵的是,韩愈不仅文学造诣非凡,还是古代为数不多的具有朴素无神论思想的士大夫之一。当时的陕西凤翔法门寺有佛塔一座,内藏释迦牟尼佛指骨一节,三十年一开塔。据传开塔之年,必定人和年丰。唐宪宗元和十四年     

理解心理学:历史形态、特征与评析

理解心理学是一种坚持心理学的人文科学取向,倡导人特有研究方式的建构与运用,以达成对人及其心理生活本质或生命意义与价值的理解、描述为目标的心理学流派、思想主张或形态。其发展先后呈现出知识论取向的理解心理学、价值论(或生存论)取向的理解心理学、整合论取向的理解心理学。在方法论上具有鲜明的人文主义特征,致力于探究人的社会本性,构筑了人文科学心理学的历史样态。未来,理解心理学还需摒弃非此即彼的思维方式,携手说明心理学共同推动心理学走向成熟     

行为免疫系统理论及其研究:新视野下的再考察

行为免疫系统理论认为, 为了应对流行病威胁, 人类进化出了一套特殊的行为反应倾向, 包括对疾病线索的警觉、厌恶, 对健康配偶的偏好, 对外群体的排斥, 对集体主义的推崇等。已有研究主要从宏观(群体)和微观(个体)两个水平开展, 虽然有大量研究结果支持该理论, 但也存在不少不一致甚至相反的发现。研究方法、理论基础和现代适用性等方面的不足可能是出现这种情况的原因。未来研究需克服上述问题, 并进一步拓展该理论的研究内容, 检验理论和相关研究的边界, 探讨行为免疫背后的生理机制等。     

Index to Volume 170

The number of only children in China has increased rapidly since the late 1970s, when the Chinese government advocated the “one-child-per-family” policy. This increase has caused much public concern about the healthy growth of the young generation. In this study the behavioral traits of Chinese, urban, only children were investigated. The participants were 444 children with siblings and 473 only children from Grades 1, 3, and 5 in Beijing primary schools. An inventory consisting of 27 items covering three behavioral traits was developed. The children were rated on the inventory by the principal teacher of the class. Factor analysis revealed three main factors: achievement motivation, interpersonal skills, and attitude toward manual labor. The only children exceeded the sibling children on achievement motivation. No differences were found between only children and sibling children on interpersonal skills and attitude toward manual labor. Gender differences were evident; girls consistently received higher ratings on achievement motivation and interpersonal skills. The possible underlying reasons for these differences are discussed.     

Self-supporting personality and psychological symptoms: The mediating effects of stress and social support

This study examined relations among self-supporting personality, stress, social support, and psychological symptoms in a sample of 782 Chinese undergraduate students using the Self-Supporting Personality Scale for Adolescent Students (SSPS-AS), Adolescent Self-Rating Life Event Checklist (ASLEC), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MPSSS), and Symptoms Check List 90 (SCL-90). As predicted, results from cross-sectional structural equation analyses suggested that stress and social support mediate the relationship between four self-supporting personality traits and psychological symptoms; an alternative stress-moderation model was not supported.