北京农村4-6岁幼儿性格发展与家庭教育关系的调查研究

本文研究家庭教育方式对农村4—6岁儿童性格发展的影响。采用问卷调查,要求幼儿园教师和家长分别对儿童的性格特点评分,并要求家长对家庭教育方式评分。结果表明,儿童的一些优良性格品质与父母的某些良好的教育方式有密切关系;在调查的性格特征上,没有发现独生与非独生予女之间有明显差别;教师和家长对儿童的评分之间有高度相关,说明本调查信度是高的。     

藏族双语人双语态度的调查研究

以藏、汉杂居地区的藏族成年人为对象,运用问卷、访谈、观察等方法,研究双语人对母语、汉语以及不同交际情境中的语言选择和语码转换的态度。结果表明,双语人对母语的态度中情感因素起重要作用,有强烈的保持自己母语的愿望;双语人对汉语的态度更多地含有理性的或认知的成份,对学习汉语持积极的态度;双语人在家庭和本民族成员中主要使用母语,如果谈话者使用母语,而对方用汉语回答,或对方讲掺杂着汉语的混杂母语,大多数双语人对此都持否定态度     

师生认知方式与藏族双语儿童学业成绩关系研究

以藏族双语儿童和任课教师为被试,采用北师大心理系编制的CSFT工具,测查了师生认知方式相互作用对双语儿童学业成绩的影响,研究结果表明：师生认知方式的相互关系对学生的学业成绩有显著的影响,这种影响与学科性质、学习任务有关;双语儿童的认知方式是影响其汉语文、数学成绩的重要因素;不周性别师生认知方式的相互匹配对其汉语文的学习有显著影响;师生认知方式的相互作用对双语儿童学习成绩的影响并非是线性的,师生间性别、认知方式相互作用都是影响双语儿童学业成绩的重要变量。     

错误记忆的无意识机制初探

研究表明,错误记忆十分顽固,一经产生便难以消退,即使是在严格的有意识控制之下,比如预先警告条件下等。这就引起研究者对错误记忆中无意识机制的探讨。本文以错误记忆的这一顽固性特征为切人点,结合多种形式错误记忆的研究成果,尝试剖析错误记忆发生过程中无意识的作用机制,并对近年来兴起的错误记忆无意识机制的实证研究进行了介绍。     

Regulating the effects of depletion through monitoring

A robust finding is that participants who perform a depleting initial self-regulatory task are less persistent on a contiguous second task than are those who perform a less arduous initial self-regulatory task. We explain this regulatory depletion effect in terms of a monitoring process. According to this view, depleted individuals focus on the resources they have devoted to a second task, neglect to monitor their performance against their standards for such activities, and prematurely suspend their performance. Consistent with this view, we demonstrate that the regulatory depletion effect can be eliminated when individuals are encouraged to monitor their performance against some standard (Studies 1, 2, and 4) or when they have a proclivity to engage in such monitoring (Studies 3 and 4).     

Patterns of maternal responding in postpartum mothers with schizophrenia

Little is known about how schizophrenia might affect how a mother responds to her infant, such as whether responding is reduced or impaired. The aim was to identify, from brief videotaped interactions, whether the responses of mothers with schizophrenia were fewer, less positive, more negative, and more ‘abnormal’ than mothers with affective disorder, and whether their infants (mean age: 15 weeks) lacked activity or initiation to which mothers could respond. Mothers with schizophrenia (N = 14) were as responsive as mothers with affective disorder (N = 31), but they showed markedly low positive responsiveness. Only the schizophrenia group exhibited non-responses as a result of being psychologically withdrawn from the interaction, and abnormal behaviors. Inconsistent to our hypothesis, infants in both groups showed similar levels of activity, initiative and negativity. The findings highlight the need for further research to examine the contribution of maternal response impairments to the developmental vulnerability of this genetically high-risk group.     

患者的自主权及困境

在生命伦理学中,尊重自主性原则是指尊重病人或受试者的自主性,可理解为病人自主原则。自主性的实现涉及到自主性的人与自主性的选择,面对复杂的医疗情境,患者自主权的实施面临着重重困境。从自主、病人自主原则、病人自主的实践三个层面讨论了该原则,并尝试用境遇伦理学原理来解决病人自主原则的实践困境。     

Intentional control based on familiarity in artificial grammar learning

It is commonly held that implicit learning is based largely on familiarity. It is also commonly held that familiarity is not affected by intentions. It follows that people should not be able to use familiarity to distinguish strings from two different implicitly learned grammars. In two experiments, subjects were trained on two grammars and then asked to endorse strings from only one of the grammars. Subjects also rated how familiar each string felt and reported whether or not they used familiarity to make their grammaticality judgment. We found subjects could endorse the strings of just one grammar and ignore the strings from the other. Importantly, when subjects said they were using familiarity, the rated familiarity for test strings consistent with their chosen grammar was greater than that for strings from the other grammar. Familiarity, subjectively defined, is sensitive to intentions and can play a key role in strategic control.     

现代语境中的伦理学和伦理学家

Ethics in the modern context is under the dual pressure of scientific-technological rationality and market commercialization, which has led to breakthroughs in the original boundaries of knowledge and academic methodology. The gradual separation of the domain of public life and that of private life in modern society and the former’s increasing pressure on the latter, in addition to the above dual pressure on ethics, is causing a dramatic transformation of the structure of ethical knowledge itself. All of these raise new theoretical problems for ethics and ethicists in the modern context. Answering and solving these problems makes sense for the future development of ethics as one of the classic humanities, and tests modern ethicists’ ability to realize their moral and theoretical duties. Translated by Yan Xin from Daode yu wenming 道德与文明 (Morality and Civilization), 2007, (4): 4–9