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141.
False Consensus and False Uniqueness in Estimating the Prevalence of Health-Protective Behaviors 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The degree to which people perceive that their health-relevant behaviors are also performed by their peers may influence whether they continue these practices or are susceptible to change. The present paper examined estimates of social consensus for health-relevant behaviors. It was hypothesized that respondents would perceive their own behaviors to be relatively more common than do people not performing them, the so-called False Consensus Effect. However, in terms of the accuracy of consensus estimates, people who behave in undesirable ways will tend to overestimate the actual number of others who behave similarly. In contrast, people who behave in desirable ways will underestimate the actual number of people who behave like themselves (false uniqueness). A group of college-aged males were asked to report about their performance of a series of health-relevant behaviors and to estimate the frequency of each behavior among their peers. The findings strongly supported the first two hypotheses and provided some support for the third. One practical implication of the results is that persons with unhealthy practices may resist public health campaigns and other interventions by overestimating consensus for their own behaviors. Also, individuals who think their undesirable health behaviors are relatively common may believe that they involve few health risks for them. The research suggests the need for further research on social cognitions about health, illness, and health-protective behaviors. 相似文献
142.
Edelgard Wulfert Steven A. Safren Irving Brown Choi K. Wan 《Journal of applied social psychology》1999,29(2):223-244
This study examined sexually risky behaviors of HIV-positive men and women within the framework of social cognitive theory. Condom use was found to be associated with high self-efficacy, positive influeces from social models, and specific condom use expectancies. As risky sexual behavior may be the manifestation of a more general pattern of risk taking that emerges from personality dispositions such as impulsiveness or psychoticism, this possibility was explored with discriminant analyses. Self-reported impulsivity, substance abuse, promiscuity, and deception served as markers of the presumed disposition. While these variables did not reliably distinguish between consistent and inconsistent condom users, they did enhance significantly the classification of individuals who, during the past 6 months, had been sexually abstinent, monogamous, or nonmonogamous. Those who reported more sex partners scored higher on impulsivity, disclosed more involvement with illegal drugs, and showed greater willingness to mislead potential partners about their sexual history than monogamous or sexually abstinent persons with HIV. 相似文献
143.
五岁至七岁独生和非独生子女某些个性特征的比较及性别差异的研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
本研究是在北京城区六个日托幼儿园所作的关于5至7岁独生和非独生子女某些个性特征差异的比较研究。被试有138名独生子女和127名非独生子女,其中男孩120名、女孩145名。观察了五类行为:独立性、助人行为、依赖性、攻击行为和友好行为,这五类行为共有16个观察项目。在所有三个年龄组,非独生子女在依赖性,助人行为和攻击行为等方面的平均得分总的来说略高于独生子女,但是没有统计学上显著差异。只有五岁组在独立性方面独生和非独生子女之间的差异达到显著性水平(P<0.005)。对被试家长问卷的分析也表明,独生子女与非独生子女之间在大多数项目和年龄组都没有显著差别。只有独立性这一方面在五岁组差异是显著的。我们还比较了性别差异,在所观察的五类行为中除了助人行为之外,在依赖性、独立性、攻击性行为和友好行为等方面都存在显著的性别差异。在友好行为方面女孩比男孩表现好,而男孩比女孩更富有攻击性。 相似文献
144.
本文研究了精氨酸加压素易化记忆巩固过程的作用,测定了这一作用过程中脑内15种游离氨基酸含量的变化。 1.第三天建立实验前1小时皮下注射AVP(2μg/只)显著地延缓了大鼠主动逃避条件反应的消退过程。 2.给予AVP的动物在建立期皮层视区和海马两脑区的GABA(γ-氨基丁酸)含量及海马的异亮氨酸含量下降。在保持期两脑区的苏氨酸含量下降,赖氨酸含量上升,海马的谷氨酸含量下降,但两脑区的GABA含量都没有显著变化。 3.电击应激反应的实验结果表明,给予AVP的动物海马的GABA含量及皮层视区苯丙氨酸含量下降。单独注射AVP后1小时,两脑区的天冬氨酸含量下降。AVP注射后48小时,脑内各种氨基酸含量都没有明显变化。 相似文献
145.
Minggang Wan Yang Yang Yuliang Liu Jiansheng Li 《Asian Journal of Social Psychology》2016,19(3):209-214
The current research explores whether multicultural experiences facilitate global processing style. We conducted two experiments in which participants were exposed to either a multicultural experience or a monocultural experience. They were required to either perform the Navon letter task (Experiment 1) or search for similarities or differences between two videos (Experiment 2). The experimental results showed that, compared to the participants exposed to a monocultural experience, those exposed to a multicultural experience had faster reaction times to global letters (Experiment 1) and tended to search for similarities (Experiment 2). This indicates that individuals with multicultural experiences facilitate a global processing style. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd, Asian Association of Social Psychology and Beijing Normal University 相似文献
146.
从政治正义到社会和谐--以罗尔斯为中心的当代政治哲学反思 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
一引言:政治正义及其隐含的问题 在罗尔斯的政治哲学中,政治正义不仅被看做是最基本的核心理念,而且也被看做是政治哲学的全部主题.[1]罗尔斯本人对政治正义的基本解释是,通过社会或国家的基本制度安排和调节,达到全体公民之基本权利和义务的公平正义分配,从而在现代民主国家的政治框架内,实现社会普遍的公平的正义. 相似文献
147.
148.
The Accuracy of Self-Reports of Condom Use and Sexual Behavior 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
James Jaccard Robert McDonald Choi K. Wan Patricia J. Dittus Shannon Quinlan 《Journal of applied social psychology》2002,32(9):1863-1905
In a study of the accuracy of self-reports of sexual behavior and condom use, 285 single, young adults in a large metropolitan area were interviewed once a week for 52 weeks, reporting on their sexual behavior each week. At 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month intervals, the individuals also provided self-reports of the number of times they had engaged in sex and the number of times they had used condoms since they began participating in the study. These self-reports were compared with aggregates of the weekly data, which served as a comparison standard for accuracy evaluation. The results indicate a fairly high level of accuracy in self-reports, but with 2% to 5% outliers who are highly inaccurate. The results tend to favor the assessment of sexual behavior over moderate time durations (3 or 6 months) rather than short or long durations (1 month or 12 months) when trying to maximize self-report accuracy. Accuracy was attenuated for individuals who tended to engage in sex frequently, especially at the 12-month time durations. 相似文献
149.
150.
已有研究表明,与个体主义文化相比,集体主义文化易引发整体加工方式。但是,文化不仅可以按照东西方文化划分为个体主义和集体主义,还可以依据个体的文化经验划分为多元文化和单一文化。那么,与单一文化经验相比,多元文化经验,尤其是最常见的双文化经验是否也有利于整体加工方式呢?在两个实验中,我们将被试分为两组,让其中一组被试暴露在双文化情境下,另外一组被试暴露在单一文化情境下。然后让这两组被试要么寻找两段视频间的相似点或者差异点(实验1),要么回忆与老年人刻板印象一致或不一致的信息(实验2)。结果发现,与暴露在单一文化情境下相比,暴露在双文化情境下的被试倾向于寻找事物间的相似点(实验1),并且不易形成刻板印象(实验2)。这表明,双文化经验有利于整体加工方式。 相似文献