False Consensus and False Uniqueness in Estimating the Prevalence of Health-Protective Behaviors

The degree to which people perceive that their health-relevant behaviors are also performed by their peers may influence whether they continue these practices or are susceptible to change. The present paper examined estimates of social consensus for health-relevant behaviors. It was hypothesized that respondents would perceive their own behaviors to be relatively more common than do people not performing them, the so-called False Consensus Effect. However, in terms of the accuracy of consensus estimates, people who behave in undesirable ways will tend to overestimate the actual number of others who behave similarly. In contrast, people who behave in desirable ways will underestimate the actual number of people who behave like themselves (false uniqueness). A group of college-aged males were asked to report about their performance of a series of health-relevant behaviors and to estimate the frequency of each behavior among their peers. The findings strongly supported the first two hypotheses and provided some support for the third. One practical implication of the results is that persons with unhealthy practices may resist public health campaigns and other interventions by overestimating consensus for their own behaviors. Also, individuals who think their undesirable health behaviors are relatively common may believe that they involve few health risks for them. The research suggests the need for further research on social cognitions about health, illness, and health-protective behaviors.     

Cognitive,Behavioral, and Personality Correlates of HIV-Positive Persons' Unsafe Sexual Behavior1

This study examined sexually risky behaviors of HIV-positive men and women within the framework of social cognitive theory. Condom use was found to be associated with high self-efficacy, positive influeces from social models, and specific condom use expectancies. As risky sexual behavior may be the manifestation of a more general pattern of risk taking that emerges from personality dispositions such as impulsiveness or psychoticism, this possibility was explored with discriminant analyses. Self-reported impulsivity, substance abuse, promiscuity, and deception served as markers of the presumed disposition. While these variables did not reliably distinguish between consistent and inconsistent condom users, they did enhance significantly the classification of individuals who, during the past 6 months, had been sexually abstinent, monogamous, or nonmonogamous. Those who reported more sex partners scored higher on impulsivity, disclosed more involvement with illegal drugs, and showed greater willingness to mislead potential partners about their sexual history than monogamous or sexually abstinent persons with HIV.     

五岁至七岁独生和非独生子女某些个性特征的比较及性别差异的研究

本研究是在北京城区六个日托幼儿园所作的关于5至7岁独生和非独生子女某些个性特征差异的比较研究。被试有138名独生子女和127名非独生子女,其中男孩120名、女孩145名。观察了五类行为:独立性、助人行为、依赖性、攻击行为和友好行为,这五类行为共有16个观察项目。在所有三个年龄组,非独生子女在依赖性,助人行为和攻击行为等方面的平均得分总的来说略高于独生子女,但是没有统计学上显著差异。只有五岁组在独立性方面独生和非独生子女之间的差异达到显著性水平(P<0.005)。对被试家长问卷的分析也表明,独生子女与非独生子女之间在大多数项目和年龄组都没有显著差别。只有独立性这一方面在五岁组差异是显著的。我们还比较了性别差异,在所观察的五类行为中除了助人行为之外,在依赖性、独立性、攻击性行为和友好行为等方面都存在显著的性别差异。在友好行为方面女孩比男孩表现好,而男孩比女孩更富有攻击性。     

加压素对记忆巩固过程作用的研究 Ⅰ.精氨酸加压素(AVP)对大鼠记忆巩固过程的易化作用及脑内游离氨基酸含量的变化

本文研究了精氨酸加压素易化记忆巩固过程的作用,测定了这一作用过程中脑内15种游离氨基酸含量的变化。 1.第三天建立实验前1小时皮下注射AVP(2μg/只)显著地延缓了大鼠主动逃避条件反应的消退过程。 2.给予AVP的动物在建立期皮层视区和海马两脑区的GABA(γ-氨基丁酸)含量及海马的异亮氨酸含量下降。在保持期两脑区的苏氨酸含量下降,赖氨酸含量上升,海马的谷氨酸含量下降,但两脑区的GABA含量都没有显著变化。 3.电击应激反应的实验结果表明,给予AVP的动物海马的GABA含量及皮层视区苯丙氨酸含量下降。单独注射AVP后1小时,两脑区的天冬氨酸含量下降。AVP注射后48小时,脑内各种氨基酸含量都没有明显变化。     

Do multicultural experiences facilitate global processing style?

The current research explores whether multicultural experiences facilitate global processing style. We conducted two experiments in which participants were exposed to either a multicultural experience or a monocultural experience. They were required to either perform the Navon letter task (Experiment 1) or search for similarities or differences between two videos (Experiment 2). The experimental results showed that, compared to the participants exposed to a monocultural experience, those exposed to a multicultural experience had faster reaction times to global letters (Experiment 1) and tended to search for similarities (Experiment 2). This indicates that individuals with multicultural experiences facilitate a global processing style. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd, Asian Association of Social Psychology and Beijing Normal University     

母子性格匹配、对性格的喜欢程度与青少年期母子沟通

以成都市两所中学632对初一到高三青少年及其母亲为研究对象,分别要求他们报告自己的性格、对对方性格的喜欢程度,同时要求青少年报告母子沟通状况,以考察性格匹配、性格喜好程度与母子沟通的关系。结果显示：性格均外向,情绪均稳定,精神质程度均低的母子性格匹配类型比其他母子性格匹配类型有更好的沟通。这一结果部分支持了吻合度理论。进一步的分析发现,相对于性格匹配,性格喜好程度对母子沟通的预测力更强,而且性格喜好程度在母子性格匹配类型与母子沟通的关系中发挥了完全或部分中介作用     

空间书写障碍的个案研究

根据书写加工理论,从异形字水平、图解动作模式水平和神经动作执行水平三个方面,综合考察一例空间书写障碍儿童的认知加工特点。结果表明：（1）个案QY的异形字水平出现选择性损伤,在视觉整体特征的知觉加工上存在困难,导致自发书写的汉字难以辨识,存在严重的间架结构问题。（2）个案QY在图解动作模式水平以及神经动作执行水平上表现正常     

印象形成中社会知觉信息效价冲突的认知控制效应

当个体信息与类别信息同时呈现时,个体的自我控制资源与信息效价产生交互作用,且共同影响他人印象形成的认知控制策略和信息加工深度。为进一步探究这一现象所产生的印象控制效应,采用自我控制资源损耗任务将96名被试随机分为高损耗组和低损耗组,并让他们完成内隐联想测验,以考察个体信息与类别信息的效价冲突时,他人印象控制策略如何受到自我控制资源与信息效价的双重影响。结果发现:(1)个体信息与类别信息的印象控制依赖于自我控制资源。(2)自我控制资源损耗与信息效价类型存在显著的交互作用。当个体损耗了较多的自我控制资源后,对效价冲突的个体信息与类别信息进行印象加工时,消极刻板印象的激活因受到这两类效价冲突信息的限制,只能依赖实时更新的面部表情信息,从而形成自下而上的反应性控制; 当个体损耗的自我控制资源较少时,对同样的个体信息与类别信息,不论效价相容或冲突,均能保持对消极刻板印象的自动激活,从而导致自上而下的主动性控制。     

大学生对临终者的内隐与外显态度

目的:考查大学生对临终污名者的内隐、外显态度。方法:使用内隐联想测验(IAT)和相应的外显测验,对安徽师大在校本科生、研究生共60名进行实验研究。结果:大学生在临终者内隐态度上,不相容任务反应时(1185.53±278.95)ms长于相容任务反应时(765.62±199.10)ms;大学生对临终者外显态度均表现出消极态度,但对于临终关怀的态度表现出积极(1.54±0.52);被试的性别以及被试是否接触过临终者并不能改变内隐以及外显态度。结论:大学生对临终者具有负面刻板印象以及污名效应,临终关怀以及对临终者的偏见应该引起重视。     

论《管子》哲学之“人与天调”的自然观

中国古代思想家、哲学家认为;国家及个人的行为都要与天,也就是大自然保持一致,以追求人与自然的和谐。《管子》对天人关系的认识是唯物主义的,认为天地自然是按照阴阳规律而运动变化的,实现人与天地自然的相互协调,并提出了“人与天调”的哲学自然观。