关于集体意向性问题

集体意向性是社会科学哲学中近年来讨论的一个热点议题,也是意向性理论的前沿课题.集体行为是一种与个体行为有本质区别的社会实在现象,完全通过个体行为和个体意向对它进行解释显然是不充分的.集体行为在本体论上具有不能被还原为个体行为的独特性质,如体育比赛、商业竞争、政治竞选等,它们不是个体行为的简单累积,其中成员的个体意向也不能像控制个体行为那样来支配集体行为.因此,很有必要引入集体意向性这一概念.     

Correlates of Academic Procrastination and Students’ Grade Goals

This study examined correlates of academic procrastination and students’ grade goals in a sample of 226 undergraduates from Singapore. Findings indicated that self-efficacy for self-regulated learning was significantly and negatively related to procrastination. High self-efficacy for self-regulated learning also predicted students’ expectations of doing well and low self-efficacy for self-regulated learning predicted students’ expectations of not doing well academically. Additionally, help-seeking predicted students’ expectations of doing well academically while academic stress predicted students’ expectations of not doing well academically. Implications for education and educational practice were discussed. This project was partially supported by the Undergraduate Research Experience on Campus (URECA) program from Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.     

The Viability of Confucian Transcendence: Grappling with T<Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">u</Emphasis> Weiming’s Interpretation of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Zhongyong</Emphasis>

This essay assesses Tu Weiming’s notion of transcendence in terms both of its legitimacy as an interpretation of Confucianism and of its viability as an answer to modern challenges. An examination of Tu’s hermeneutical assumptions in his Zhongyong commentary leads to a discussion of his locating transcendence in the subjectivity of the junzi, the profound person. Calling the self-cultivation “self-knowledge,” Tu makes explicit the religious character of the xin, the basis of self-cultivation, and its transcendent character, because it is endowed from heaven. However, because the xin is irreducibly human, this transcendence is also immanentized. From the xin a fiduciary community is formed, hence the “covenantal” nature of Confucian religiousness. The essay ends with the question: Because Tu does not elaborate on cultivating a community’s intersubjectivity, does it make the realization of the transcendent xin a “deferred potentiality,” without mooring in the actual formation of human community?     

An improved screw-free method for electrode implantation and intracranial electroencephalographic recordings in mice

We recently developed a glue-based method for the implantation of intracranial electrodes in mice. Our approach is to secure a preconstructed electrode array using a cyanoacrylate-based glue (similar to Krazy Glue). This method is applicable to both young and aging mice and is suitable for long-term electroencephalographic recordings. In the present experiment, we explored whether the glue-based method is capable of securing individual electrodes in addition to securing the electrode array. C57 black mice aged 25–35 days or 13–19 months were operated on under isoflurane anesthesia. Monopolar or bipolar electrodes were inserted independently in the ipsilateral hippocampal CA3 and entorhinal cortical areas, and they were fixed onto the skull using the glue together with dental acrylic, but without anchoring screws. We found that the implanted electrodes were stable and allowed repeat intracranial recordings and electrical stimulation in freely moving mice.     

基诺族心理卫生考察十年随访

十年来,基诺族由贫穷走向富裕,由封闭走向开放,他们积极主动参与现代化的进程,社会安定。平均年犯罪率７／１０万;平均年自杀率９．６１／１０万;平均年离婚率１４／１０万。与国内其它地区调查结果相比,都在较低范围。神经官能症也很少见到。然而,酒滥用和酒依赖已逐渐成为一个值得注意的问题,嗜酒者日益增多。调查发现,病理性饮酒者（每日平均饮酒量折合纯酒精８０克以上）占总人口的６．９７％,酒依赖患病率达０．６７％,已显著高于国内一些地区调查结果。     

1.5-2.5岁儿童对实物、照片和画片的概括——灵长目初级抽象概括能力的比较实验研究(Ⅲ)

为了同实验Ⅰ在金丝猴身上所做关于对实物、照片和画片的概括的结果进行对照,用10名1岁7个月至2岁6个月的儿童进行了对比实验研究。方法和实验Ⅰ大致相仿。实验开始时对儿童进行简单言语指导。全部被试都迅速对基础辨别刺激形成巩固的辨别反应,这可能是由于儿童的言语发展起了中介作用。在随后的测查实验中,随着儿童年龄的增长,能够把反应从实物迁移到代表实物的平面图片上的人数有所增加。这似乎和儿童的言语发展相平行。     

Association Between Proactive Personality and Academic Self–Efficacy

Research about organizations has consistently revealed that proactive personality is a relatively stable disposition and a significant antecedent of self-efficacy, which generates employees’ proactive behavior and thus benefits individuals and firms. Consequently, the present study aimed to examine whether the relationship between proactive personality, a general temperamental tendency, and specific self-efficacy that is focused on certain activities or tasks might emerge across contexts in an education setting with a directional effect. From a sample of 123 students, we employed a longitudinal approach using two waves of surveys to examine the directional relations between students’ proactive personalities and their academic self–efficacy in education. The results showed that students’ proactive personalities at Time 1 predicted change in their academic self–efficacy at Time 2, suggesting a top–down relationship. On the contrary students’ academic self–efficacy at Time 1 could not predict their proactive personalities at Time 2. In short, the directional effect of proactive personality on self–efficacy across contexts was captured in this study. Implications and limitations were discussed.     

The influence of dispositional optimism and gender on adolescents' perception of academic stress

This study investigated the role of optimism together with gender, on students' perception of academic stress. Four hundred and thirty secondary school students from Singapore participated in this study and data were collected using two self-report measures: the Life Orientation Test and the Academic Expectation Stress Inventory. Results revealed a significant negative relationship between optimism and academic stress in students. Gender was not a significant predictor of academic stress and no two-way interactions were found between optimism and gender of the participants. Possible explanations for the results were suggested and implications of the findings were discussed.     

中转站系统框架的心理学研究

通过总结人类问题求解的特点,我们提出了问题求解的一种中转站系统框架。本文采用口语报告分析所进行的研究表明该框架是一种问题求解方面的知识结构和有效的启发式求解策略。实验证明了次序性、熟悉性、类似性和系统控制性是决定求解能力和效率的关键因素。说明了中转站及其排序、强规则和弱规则及其相互配合、以及中转站系统的控制策略在较大程度上反映和模拟了人在求解复杂的专门问题时的知识结构和控制过程。     

Individual Differences in Attitude-Behavior Consistency: The Prediction of Contraceptive Behavior

A model of individual differences that moderate attitude-behavior consistency was developed and tested in the context of predicting use consistency of the diaphragm. Variables hypothesized to moderate the attitude-behavior relationship included reactions to major life changes, the attitudes and opinions of others, sexual interest, locus of control, and the perceived susceptibility to pregnancy. Attitudes were conceptualized in terms of a Relative Contraceptive Utility (RCU), which was defined as the difference between the attitude toward the diaphragm and the attitude toward becoming pregnant. Women (N = 110) who attended family planning clinics in the New York Qty area and who used the diaphragm for an 8-month period were interviewed in the context of a 3-wave panel design. A threshold function between RCU and behavior was observed, such that when RCU was above an empirically derived cutoff, women tended to use the diaphragm consistently over an 8-month period. For women with RCUs below the cutoff, attitudes were unrelated to behavior. Inconsistency of diaphragm use for these latter women was best predicted by negative reactions to close friends' experiences with the diaphragm, low levels of perceived susceptibility to pregnancy, alcohol consumption, concern about becoming too old to have children, a preference for nonromantic sex, and the partner's unwillingness to refrain from sex if the women was not prepared.