Chronic self-destructiveness: Conceptualization,measurement, and initial validation of the construct

Individual differences in various behaviors suggest that those who are primarily motivated by current emotional factors are more likely than those motivated by more distant cognitive considerations to engage in acts that are ultimately self-destructive. To assess and explore these behavioral differences, 12 samples of undergraduate subjects, totaling 864 (527 females, 337 males), a group of 15 businesswomen, and 111 male VA patients were used to develop a measure of this construct in a series of reliability and construct validity studies. By means of internal-consistency item analyses, two cross-validated 52-item measures of chronic self-destructiveness were constructed for males and females. Reliability was established with respect to internal consistency (alpha coefficients range from .73 to .97) and temporal consistency over a 1-month period (test-retest correlations range from .90 to .98). There is a slight drop in chronic self-destructiveness scores across age groups. Test scores were found to be positively related to external locus of control, negatively related to Type A coronary-prone behavior, and unrelated to either social desirability response set or need for achievement. Individuals high in chronic self-destructiveness, compared to those with low scores, are more likely to be in treatment for drug or alcohol abuse, to report having cheated in courses, to have had traffic violations, to report having gone through a rebellious stage in adolescence, and to postpone obtaining a medical test for cancer. Chronic self-destructiveness appears to be a personality dimension that affects behavior across a wide range of ages and situations.We wish to thank John Wapner for his assistance in obtaining data in the clinical sample.     

关于集体意向性问题

集体意向性是社会科学哲学中近年来讨论的一个热点议题,也是意向性理论的前沿课题.集体行为是一种与个体行为有本质区别的社会实在现象,完全通过个体行为和个体意向对它进行解释显然是不充分的.集体行为在本体论上具有不能被还原为个体行为的独特性质,如体育比赛、商业竞争、政治竞选等,它们不是个体行为的简单累积,其中成员的个体意向也不能像控制个体行为那样来支配集体行为.因此,很有必要引入集体意向性这一概念.     

兰州市清真寺经堂教育调查研究

兰州是西北经堂教育的重要发展地。调查显示,在经堂学习的人数相当可观。近20年来兰州市清真寺经堂教育经历了传统继承期、改革尝试期、改革认同期三个阶段,现在处于传统与现代之间徘徊的“瓶颈”状态。改革是发展经堂教育的必由之路,改革的关键就是调整教育价值取向,同时,树立正规教育观和教育职业观。     

Attachment, borderline personality, and romantic relationship dysfunction

Previous studies have implicated attachment and disturbances in romantic relationships as important indicators for Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). The current research extends our current knowledge by examining the specific associations among attachment, romantic relationship dysfunction, and BPD, above and beyond the contribution of emotional distress and nonromantic interpersonal functioning in two distinct samples. Study 1 comprised a community sample of women (N = 58) aged 25-36. Study 2 consisted of a psychiatric sample (N = 138) aged 21-60. Results from both Study 1 and Study 2 demonstrated that (1) attachment was specifically related to BPD symptoms and romantic dysfunction, (2) BPD symptoms were specifically associated with romantic dysfunction, and (3) the association between attachment and romantic dysfunction was statistically mediated by BPD symptoms. The findings support specific associations among attachment, BPD symptoms, and romantic dysfunction.     

合成生物学伦理问题研究态势分析

合成生物学以创造新型生物为目标,这一领域的飞速发展在给人类带来巨大福祉的同时,也陆续引发众多伦理问题。利用VOSviewer等科学计量工具对国内外合成生物学伦理领域2000年~2019年近20年的相关研究文献进行量化分析,通过对时间分布、地域分布、关键词共现、研究方向等数据的系统分析,进一步对国内外学者、专家的应用研究成果与伦理思考进行总结概括,并对合成生物学伦理问题的研究趋势提出展望,以图廓清国内外合成生物学伦理问题研究的发展态势。     

7-9岁汉、藏、东乡、保安、裕固、哈萨克族儿童语义理解的比较研究

本报告运用三种不同类型的汉语语句,测试六个民族儿童对汉语语义理解的结果表明:(1)在双语教育环境中,六个民族7—9岁儿童对三类句型的理解,由于动机因素的不同,影响第二语言的学习效果。(2)在口语与书面语的转换关系上,无本族文字的民族儿童,学习汉语教材是初次接触到书面语言。(3)文化发展的差异,不仅存在于不同地区的民族之间,而且也存在于不同地区的同一民族之内。(4)进一步分析少数民族儿童使用双语的具体特点,可作为解决双语教育的一个关键问题进行研究。     

加压素对记忆巩固过程作用的研究 Ⅱ.GABA在加压素易化记忆巩固过程中作用的探讨

本文探讨了脑内GABA能神经元在加压素易化记忆巩固过程中的作用。结果表明,第三天建立实验后立即腹腔注射印防己毒素(picrotoxin,0.5mg/kg),消除了加压素对条件反应消退过程的延缓作用,而注射氨氧乙酸(aminooxy-acetic acid,20mg/kg)获得相反结果。 实验结果提示,脑内GABA能神经元可能参与了加压素对记忆巩固过程的易化作用。     

加压素对记忆巩固过程作用的研究 Ⅲ.GABA能药物对加压素易化大白鼠被动回避反应的影响

本文以平台被动回避反应为行为模式,采用侧脑室微量注射AVP和GABA能受体激动剂蝇蕈醇(Muscimol)、受体拮抗剂印防己毒素(Picrotoxin),进一步研究了AVP易化记忆巩固效应及与中枢GABA能系统的关系。主要实验结果如下: 1.AVP对被动回避行为模式的学习训练过程无促进作用,但促进了这种行为的记忆巩固过程,注射AVP的动物记忆保持能力显著高于对照组动物,有效剂量为30ng/大鼠。 2.侧脑室注射100ng/大鼠蝇蕈醇后,AVP仍非常显著地保持其行为效应,但注射100ng/大鼠印防己毒素后,AVP的效应已见下降,剂量增至300ng/大鼠后,AVP的效应已被完全消除。 实验结果再次提示,加压素具有促进记忆巩固过程的中枢性效应,脑内GABA能神经元的活动可能参与了这种效应。     

短时间延迟条件下错误记忆的遗忘

两个实验中,使用DRM范式考察了短时间延迟条件下错误记忆的遗忘效应。实验一发现对两种关键项目的错误再认均随着时间延迟（即时、半小时和1个小时）的增加而提高,而在将时间变量由实验一中的被试内设计变为实验二中的被试间设计后,发现对两种关键项目的错误再认随着时间而发生不同的变化,表现为对关键诱饵的错误再认保持稳定而对中关联词的错误再认依然有所提高。说明错误记忆很顽固,一旦产生便很难衰退,当消除了其他干扰因素的潜在影响后,即使是在很短暂的测验时间延迟条件下,它至少是保持稳定的,不会随着时间而发生减弱。此外还发现了关联性和测验情境与测验时间延迟之间的交互影响,表现为对关键诱饵的错误再认受测验时间延迟的影响较小,受测验情境的影响较大;而对中关联词的错误再认则受测验时间延迟的影响较大,受测验情境的影响较小     

青少年期母子性格与家庭亲密度的关系:性格喜好的作用

研究旨在考察性格喜好与母子性格、家庭成员亲密度的关系以及性格喜好在其他两个变量之间的中介作用。成都市632对初高中学生及其母亲分别自评并填写了艾森克人格问卷,同时评价喜欢对方性格的程度。另外,青少年还报告了与家庭成员的亲密程度。通过相关分析、多元方差分析、层级回归分析以及结构方程模型建模,结果发现：性格喜好与母亲性格、青少年性格均有显著关系,青少年对母亲的性格喜好程度与家庭成员间的亲密感有显著正相关。青少年性格和青少年对母亲的性格喜好程度能直接预测家庭成员亲密度,同时青少年和母亲的性格还通过青少年对母亲的性格喜好程度间接作用于家庭亲密度,提示性格喜好在二者的关系中发挥了重要的中介作用。