Prediction of choice reaction time from information of individual stimuli

A model is developed to predict the reaction time to stimuli using information content of the individual stimuli. Review of previous research in the area showed inconsistencies due possibly to the mode of stimulus presentation or to the number of stimuli. Two experiments designed to cover the range of variables used in previous experiments were conducted. The results indicate that the model makes accurate predictions over the entire range of variables used. A comparison to earlier studies also indicates a close correspondence. nt|mis|Acknowledgment is due the Office of Naval Research which supported this research through a prime contract, NOnr 2512(00), with General Dynamics Electric Boat Division as a part of the SUBIC. (SUBmarine Integrated Control) program.     

The psychosomatic family model. A critical analysis of family interaction concepts

The psychosomatic family model of Minuchin and his colleagues is one of the best known and influential viewpoints in the field of family therapy. This article critically analyses this model and related concepts, focusing on the lack of clear definitions, especially with regard to the interactional concepts: enmeshment, rigidity, overprotectiveness, and lack of conflict resolution. Each concept is discussed, concluding with the recommendation of a new definition, so that the model can be empirically verified. The authors suggest that Minuchin's model can be reduced to three fundamental interactional dimensions : the intensity of intrafamilial boundaries, the degree of the family's adaptability, and the family's way of handling conflicts. A research method is presented in which the way of assessing these interactional dimensions is demonstrated.     

Differential acquisition rates for different types of information from pictures

In three picture-recognition experiments, we investigated the characteristics of “specific feature” and “holistic” information hypothesized to be extracted from pictures. In each experiment, exposure time was varied at study. The recognition test was two-alternative forced-choice in which the target/distractor relationship was manipulated in such a way that responding on the basis of one type of information or the other was required. The results indicated that following one fixation on a picture at the time of initial study, performance based on holistic information was superior to performance based on specific feature information, whereas the reverse was true following sufficient study time for multiple fixations. These results support a view of pictorial information acquisition which postulates that most holistic information extracted from a picture is extracted during the first eye fixation on the picture, whereas subsequent fixations have the primary purpose of seeking out specific, informative features.     

THE ROLE OF RESPONSE DELAY IN IMPROVING THE DISCRIMINATION PERFORMANCE OF AUTISTIC CHILDREN

This study investigated the influence of a response delay requirement on the discrimination performance of autistic children. In the context of a multiple baseline design with subsequent repeated reversals, two conditions were compared: a no-response-delay condition, where the child was allowed to make the target response immediately after presentation of the discriminative stimulus versus a response-delay condition, where the target response was permitted three seconds following the discriminative stimulus when the therapist would signal the child to respond. The results showed that the response-delay condition produced higher levels of correct responding than the no-response-delay condition. In addition, teachers in the research setting rated the response-delay procedure to be a practical and effective teaching technique that could be implemented in a classroom setting. The results were discussed in relation to the literature on impulsivity, and were interpreted as indicating that the response-delay procedure provides a valuable technique for teaching autistic children.     

A solid-state device for eliminating electrical noise and biopotentials in electromyographic (EMG) recordings

A small, low-cost, integrated circuit device is described. This circuit reduces electrical noise, such as that produced from a poor electrode-skin interface and power-line interference (60 Hz). Advantages of this device, with regard to use in electrically noisy environments and with long cables, are discussed.     

Attributional Modesty in Women

Three experiments were conducted to test a two-factor model of the determinants of attributional modesty in women. Women tended to make modest attributions for success when they were concerned about how others would evaluate them and when they were concerned about their own self-image. Specifically, the knowledge that one's attributions would be public and the anticipation of future performance on similar tasks led to modesty. Self-derogatory attributions for failure occurred when the subjects thought their attributions would be public.     

Integration,interruption and processing rate in visual backward masking

Summary In order to decide between the integration and the interruption theory of backward masking, an experiment is conducted where a cue stimulus preceding the test stimulus by various intervals requires either identification of one test stimulus item (partial report) or recall of the whole test stimulus (full report). In addition, the test stimulus-masking stimulus agynchrony and the luminance of the masking stimulus are varied. When identification accuracy is plotted as a function of cue stimulus-test stimulus interval, the partial-report data can be broken down in two segments: an asymptotic value for long (greater than 500 msec) and a region of decreasing accuracy for short cue stimulus-test stimulus intervals. The asymptotic value depends on the test stimulus-masking stimulus asynchrony and the luminance of the masking stimulus; however, the decrease of accuracy is not affected by these parameters when the scores are normalized with respect to upper and lower limits of performance. Full-report performance shows a uniform decrease across the whole range of cue stimulus-test stimulus intervals. The manner in which asymptotic values depend on the test stimulus-masking stimulus asynchrony and on masking stimulus luminance is taken as evidence of a two-factor theory of backward masking proposed in a previous paper (Scheerer, 1973). But the data on decrease of accuracy require a revision of this theory: under certain conditions, test stimulus degradation may be compatible with an interruption theory. The different temporal course of partial and full report accuracy is used to distinguish between a peripheral (eye movement-mediated) and a central component in critical item selection.

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Zusammenfassung Zur Entscheidung zwischen der Unterbrechungs- und der Integrationstheorie der visuellen Maskierung wird ein Experiment durchgeführt, in dem ein in verschiedenen Abständen vor dem maskierten Testreiz dargebotener Indikatorreiz entweder zur selektiven Identifikation eines Testreizelements (Teilbericht) oder zur Reproduktion des gesamten Testreizes (Gesamtbericht) auffordert. Außerdem werden das Testreiz-Maskierreizintervall und die Leuchtdichte des Maskierreizes variiert. Wenn die Identifikationsgenauigkeit als Funktion des Indikator-Testreizintervalles aufgetragen wird, zerfallen die Teilberichtskurven in einen asymptotischen Wert für lange (größer als 500 msec) und in einen Bereich abfallender Genauigkeit für kurze Indikator-Testreizintervalle. Der asymptotische Wert hängt vom Testreiz-Maskierreizintervall und von der Leuchtdichte des Maskierreizes ab; im Bereich abfallender Genauigkeit sind die Kurven von diesen Parametern unabhängig, wenn sie hinsichtlich oberer und unterer Grenzwerte der Genauigkeit normalisiert werden. Die Gesamtberichtskurven zeigen einen gleichmäßigen Genauigkeitsabfall über den gesamten Bereich von Indikator-Testreizintervallen. Die Abhängigkeit des asymptotischen Werts vom Testreiz-Maskierreizintervall und von der Maskierreiz-Leuchtdichte wird als Hinweis auf die Gültigkeit der im Literaturbericht (Scheerer, 1973) formulierten Zwei-Faktorentheorie der visuellen Maskierung interpretiert. Jedoch erfordern die Befunde zum Abfall der Identiflkationsleistung eine Revision dieses Konzepts; unter bestimmten Bedingungen kann eine unterbrechende Wirkung des Maskierreizes zu einer Qualitätsminderung des Testreiz-Äquivalents führen. Aus dem unterschiedlichen Verlauf von Teilbericht und Gesamtbericht wird geschlossen, daß die Selektion eines Testreizelements in einen peripheren (durch Fixationsänderung vermittelten) und in einen zentralen Anteil zerlegt werden kann.

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Preparation of this report was facilitated by International Postdoctoral Fellowship No. F05-TW-1794 from the Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., USA, and by Grant NIMH MH-10753 to Dr. Ralph N. Haber.     

Requirements for minicomputer operating systems for human experimentation and an implementation on a 4K PDP-8 computer

A programming system is described which considerably simplifies preparation and running of experiments on PDP-8 computers.     

Reversal learning of object and positional discriminations by mink, ferrets and skunks

Mink, ferrets and skunks were tested on successive reversals of two-choice object or positional discriminations in a modified Wisconsin General Training Apparatus. All species showed considerable improvement in performance after considerable training and some subjects exhibited one-trial reversal learning. Mink and ferrets persistently made more errors when position cues were relevant than when object cues were relevant; the reverse was true of skunks.