The effect of perceived distance on induced movement

The magnitude of induced movement was measured as a function of the perceived depth between the test object and the plane of the induction object, with this perceived depth produced by stereoscopic cues. Three experiments were conducted. In each experiment, the induction object (a frame of constant physical size) was positioned at one of three distances with the test object (a point of light) placed successively at each of the three distances. Predictions of the magnitude of induction as a function of the depth separation of the test and induction object were made from the subject-relative and object-relative hypotheses of induced motion. It was expected, however, that neither of these hypotheses would predict the results independently of a factor described in the adjacency principle. This principle states that the effectiveness of whatever cues or processes determine the induced movement will decrease with increased depth between the test and induction object. The data indicate that the adjacency principle must be considered in explaining the results. The subject-relative rather than object-relative hypothesis as modified by the adjacency principle was most successful in predicting the results. Control conditions in which the frame was stationary and the point of light was physically moving were also used. Despite the fact that the relative displacement of the objects on the eye in the experimental and control conditions were the same, the results indicate that O could distinguish between these two kinds of conditions. Although the apparent movement was greater in the control conditions than in the experimental conditions, the reverse is true if the total perceived movement of the test and induction object are considered together.     

Prediction of choice reaction time from information of individual stimuli

A model is developed to predict the reaction time to stimuli using information content of the individual stimuli. Review of previous research in the area showed inconsistencies due possibly to the mode of stimulus presentation or to the number of stimuli. Two experiments designed to cover the range of variables used in previous experiments were conducted. The results indicate that the model makes accurate predictions over the entire range of variables used. A comparison to earlier studies also indicates a close correspondence. nt|mis|Acknowledgment is due the Office of Naval Research which supported this research through a prime contract, NOnr 2512(00), with General Dynamics Electric Boat Division as a part of the SUBIC. (SUBmarine Integrated Control) program.     

Orthogonal inter-battery factor analysis

It is the purpose of this paper to present a method of analysis for obtaining (i) inter-battery factors and (ii) battery specific factors for two sets of tests when the complete correlation matrix including communalities is given. In particular, the procedure amounts to constructing an orthogonal transformation such that its application to an orthogonal factor solution of the combined sets of tests results in a factor matrix of a certain desired form. The factors isolated are orthogonal but may be subjected to any suitable final rotation, provided the above classification of factors into (i) and (ii) is preserved. The general coordinate-free solution of the problem is obtained with the help of methods pertaining to the theory of linear spaces. The actual numerical analysis determined by the coordinate-free solution turns out to be a generalization of the formalism of canonical correlation analysis for two sets of variables. A numerical example is provided.This investigation has been supported by the U.S. Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr-2752(00).     

A Developmental Model For Counseling Groups

Students taking a course in Group Guidance participated in group counseling as an adjunct experience to the course. The counseling sessions were tape recorded and later analyzed according to an affect-topic classification. This paper presents a theoretical discussion of the development of one of the counseling groups, and the results of the analysis of the recorded group sessions.     

The social sources of the current religious revival

Conclusion It has been contended that the current revival of interest in religion cannot be explained only in terms of the search for meaning and security in the face of the anxieties associated with social disruption. Other social forces of our time seem also to have stimulated the current revival and seem to be operative in its maintenance. Four of these forces have been specified, examined, and analyzed in this paper. It has not been intended through the drawing of these interpretations to suggest that, in his rediscovery of religion, the individual may not also be influenced by more universal and, depending upon one's values, possibly more appealing motives.     

The Representation of Knowledge in Minds and Machines

Human knowledge can be represented as a propositional network in which the meaning of a node is defined by its position in the network. That is, the relationship between a node and its neighbours determines how this node is used in language understanding and production, i.e., its meaning. The propositions that make up such a network are predicate-argument structures with time and location slots. Schemas, frames, and production rules can be expressed in the same formalism. Implications for this contextual view of meaning are discussed. Since the construction of such a propositional network depends on hand coding and is therefore impractical, an alternative automatic statistical procedure is explored that yields a high-dimensional semantic space. Vectors in this space correspond to nodes in the propositional network, in that the meaning of a vector in the Latent Semantic Analysis space is given by its neighbouring vectors in that space.     

Commentary on "Family dynamics and children in medical research.

Gordon and Bonkovsky describe a disturbing case of research involving minors in their article "Family Dynamics and Children in Medical Research." As presented in the case, there is little doubt that the assent obtained from the children was inadequate for the proposed research and that the institutional review board (IRB) failed to assess sufficiently the risk-benefit ratio of the research to the child-subjects.     

Attributional Modesty in Women

Three experiments were conducted to test a two-factor model of the determinants of attributional modesty in women. Women tended to make modest attributions for success when they were concerned about how others would evaluate them and when they were concerned about their own self-image. Specifically, the knowledge that one's attributions would be public and the anticipation of future performance on similar tasks led to modesty. Self-derogatory attributions for failure occurred when the subjects thought their attributions would be public.