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131.
Because previously-attempted methods of increasing automobile seat belt usage have proven to be either ineffective or unworkable, a series of field experiments was carried out to test a technique of behavior influence utilizing a modest, positive incentive. In three separate studies, seat belt use of 4,745 drivers was observed as they drove out of a parking lot, after receiving one of several safety reminder leaflets. Some versions of the leaflet offered a gift certificate to a certain proportion of drivers who wore seat belts; other versions offered no incentive. The results showed that an incentive, regardless of the probability of payoff, raised belt use from about 15% to nearly 40%. Implications for future research and applications are discussed. 相似文献
132.
Trevor F. Stokes Susan A. Fowler Donald M. Baer 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1978,11(2):285-303
Four normal and four deviant children aged four-to-six years were taught to judge the quality of their academic work in a preschool classroom, and to prompt or cue their teachers to comment about the quality of that work. When these skills did not generalize spontaneously to other teachers in concurrent natural situations, generalized responding was taught by the experimenter, in multiple-baseline design across subjects. This generalization programming enabled the children to contact a sometimes dormant, but readily available natural community of teacher praise and reinforcement, i.e., to recruit an increase in cued praise and schedules of praise for their good work. These behaviors may be important to young children who find themselves bereft of attention in classrooms. 相似文献
133.
The Diana (Diana v. State Board of Education, Note 1) and the Larry P. (Larry P. v. Riles, Note 2) litigations led to decertification of thousands of California EMR students and their return to the regular program. Allegations, including those of biased testing, went largely uncontested in order that change in special education could result from court mandate, but the allegations left the psychologists in a libeled state. A study of cumulative records and psychologists files in 12 representative districts permitted a comparison of the EMR placement of those later decertified (D) with matched nondecertified (EMR). Other than a small mean difference in IQ at placement, nothing was found to support various allegations. Records showed no systematic differences betweeen D and EMR groups in pre-EMR reasons for referral nor in teacher marks, discnfirming beliefs in referral of higher functioning students for deportment rather than for academic failure. Districts permitted a mean of at least two years in regular placement before assessment, attesting to class failure rather than IQ as the initial and necessary basis for EMR identification (no D-EMR difference in this either). The data permit a conclusion that the work of the school psychologists in the EMR placement was professionally competent, given the guidelines in effect at the time. 相似文献
134.
135.
Donald E. Mowrer 《Journal of Fluency Disorders》1978,3(3):193-203
Each of six male stutterers spoke to a 14 member audience for 40 min. This speaking time was divided into eight 5-min periods during which several consequence conditions were in operation. Those consequence conditions consisted of various combinations of “good” and “stop” statements delivered by the audience following fluent and disfluent utterances, respectively. In one condition the speaker applied the consequences. It was found that while various combinations of consequences do not alter the total number of words spoken per minute, they affect the number of occasions of disfluences occuring per minute. It could not be determined which condition resulted in optimum rate changes. Suggestions are presented for maintaining fluent speech. 相似文献
136.
Donald C. Swedmark 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1978,57(1):54-55
If in-service training is to improve instruction, then careful planning must be done. The approach taken in assigning responsibility for the training, selection of trainees and trainers, provision of adequate facilities, and establishment of meeting times can have a tremendous influence on the success of the training. 相似文献
137.
Switching transients or “glitches” are frequently encountered in signal processing applications involving digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion. A low-cost “deglitching” circuit is described and implemented for the Digital Equipment Corporation AA50 D/A converter option on the PDP-8/e minicomputer. Switching transients were eliminated using a noninverting, unity-gain sample-and-hold circuit (employing Datei System’s SHM-IC-1). Switching transients were reduced to below-noise levels across a wide range of output levels and sampling rates. 相似文献
138.
Walter R. Cunningham 《Intelligence》1980,4(2):133-149
The generality of ability factor structure in adulthood and old age was investigated using simultaneous maximum likelihood procedures. Data were analyzed for 198 young individuals (age range of 15–32 years), 156 younger old individuals (age range of 53–68 years), and 156 older old individuals (69–91 years). Variables were nine tests marking three ability factors: Verbal Comprehension, Sensitivity to Problems and Semantic Redefinition. Results indicated no changes in the number of factors and no psychologically important shifts in salient factor loadings. Increasingly larger factor covariances, however, were obtained in the two older groups. The results supported the generalizability of ability structures to late life at the level of factor loadings. The implications of these results for the dedifferentiation hypothesis were not clear cut. The consistency of the number of factors across age groups precluded strong support for this hypothesis, The increased factor covariances could be construed as modest support for this hypothesis, but other interpretations were possible. 相似文献
139.
Donald Meichenbaum 《Intelligence》1980,4(4):271-283
The present editorial has two purposes. The first purpose is to indicate a parallel trend in two seemingly disparate areas of research which upon closer examination have interesting possible ties. These research areas are information processing and cognitive-behavior modification (CBM). The second purpose is to highlight the role that affect plays in intellectual functioning, noting some of the implications which then follow for the assessment of intelligence. 相似文献
140.
Walter C. Gogel 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1980,28(2):155-163
The apparent relative motion of physically stationary objects that frequently occurs as the head is moved in a frontoparallel plane is almost always in the direction expected from the projection into the distal world of the relative motion of the images on the eye. It is hypothesized that this is the result of the perceptual underestimation of the depth between the objects. If a perceptual overestimation of the depth were produced, it was predicted that the apparent relative motion would be in a direction opposite to that expected from the projection of the retinal motions. This prediction was tested using the binocular disparity cue to produce perceptual overestimation of the slant (depth) of a luminous line. In this case, perceived slant was the indicator of perceived depth, and perceived rotation concomitant with the motion of the head was the indicator of perceived relative motion. The results support the prediction and also provide some support for a theoretically derived equation specifying the relation between these two perceptual variables. 相似文献