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931.
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933.
Kevin T. Mahoney Walter BuboltzIrwin P. Levin Dennis DoverspikeDaniel J. Svyantek 《Personality and individual differences》2011,51(3):248-257
A within-subjects study investigated several different risky-choice framing problems patterned after Kahneman and Tversky’s classic economic game, the Asian Disease problem, but included variations to increase generality. Risk-style and thinking-style were utilized to predict individual differences in response to the framing problems. Significant framing effects were found at both the item and composite level. Individual difference effects were rare when framing was strictly defined as a preference reversal. When a more encompassing preference shift defined framing, risk-averse individuals (measured by the Choice Dilemmas Questionnaire) and those scoring high on experiential (heuristic) thinking were more likely to show a framing effect. Discussion focuses on the meaning of these results in terms of individual susceptibility to framing. 相似文献
934.
Dammann G Hügli C Selinger J Gremaud-Heitz D Sollberger D Wiesbeck GA Küchenhoff J Walter M 《Journal of personality disorders》2011,25(4):517-527
Patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) suffer from affective instability, impulsivity, and identity disturbance which particularly manifest in an unstable or insecure self-image. One main problem for studies of core psychopathology in BPD is the complex subject of identity disturbance and self-image. The purpose of this study was to investigate the self-image of BPD patients with a qualitative research approach. Twelve patients with BPD were compared to 12 patients with remitted major depressive disorder (MDD) without personality disorder, using the Structured Interview of Personality Organization (STIPO). The transcribed interviews were analyzed using a combination of content analysis and grounded theory. BPD patients described themselves predominantly as helpful and sensitive; reported typical emotions were sadness, anger, and anxiety. MDD patients on the other hand reported numerous and various characteristics and emotions, including happiness, as well as sadness and anxiety. Other persons were characterized by the BPD group as egoistic and satisfied, while the MDD group described others as being balanced and secretive. BPD patients displayed an altruistic, superficial, and suffering self-image. Aggressive tendencies were only seen in other persons. Our findings support the concept of a self and relationship disturbance in BPD which is highly relevant for psychotherapy treatment. 相似文献
935.
In this study, we investigated automatic translation from English to Chinese and subsequent morphological decomposition of translated Chinese compounds. In two lexical decision tasks, Chinese-English bilinguals responded to English target words that were preceded by masked unrelated primes presented for 59 ms. Unbeknownst to participants, the Chinese translations of the words in each critical pair consisted of a fully opaque compound word (i.e., a compound with two constituent morphemes that were semantically unrelated to the compound) and a monomorphemic word that was either the first or the second morpheme of the compound. The data revealed that bilinguals responded faster to English word pairs whose Chinese translations repeated the first morpheme than to English word pairs whose Chinese translations did not repeat the first morpheme, but no effect of hidden second-morpheme repetition was found. This effect of hidden first-morpheme repetition suggests that participants translated English words to Chinese and decomposed the translated compounds into their constituent morphemes. Because the primes were presented for only 59 ms, translation and morphological decomposition must be fast and automatic. 相似文献
936.
Dieussaert K Verkerk S Gillard E Schaeken W 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2011,64(12):2352-2367
Under the assumption of the principle of cooperation (Grice, 1989), a statement such as "some eels are fish" is thought to be false since it contains less information than is considered sufficient. However, the statement is logically sound since the meaning of "some" is compatible with "all". Currently, the primary interpretation of such underinformative statements remains subject to debate. According to Levinson (2000), the pragmatic "some but not all" interpretation is the default interpretation, while others (e.g., Sperber & Wilson, 1995) argue that this pragmatic interpretation only comes to the fore when relevant within the context and is thus considered secondary to the logical "some and perhaps all" interpretation. In this study, three factors that may influence the answer pattern are studied: task load, working memory capacity, and repetition of the statements. In Experiment 1, we used a secondary task paradigm to manipulate the cognitive load under which a number of underinformative statements had to be judged. We observed that for participants with a rather limited working memory span it is harder to reach a pragmatic interpretation under cognitive load. In Experiment 2, we manipulated the repetition of the statements. We observed that with a higher number of filler statements, participants produced fewer consistent answer patterns. This study provides further evidence against the automaticity of the pragmatic interpretation: It shows that the pragmatic interpretation requires more cognitive effort than the logical interpretation and that increasing the number of filler statements inhibits the development of a response strategy. 相似文献
937.
Bredemeier K Berenbaum H Brockmole JR Boot WR Simons DJ Most SB 《Acta psychologica》2012,139(1):137-145
Multi-tasking can increase susceptibility to distraction, affecting whether irrelevant objects capture attention. Similarly, people with depression often struggle to concentrate when performing cognitively demanding tasks. This parallel suggests that depression is like multi-tasking. To test this idea, we examined relations between self-reported levels of anhedonic depression (a dimension that reflects the unique aspects of depression not shared with anxiety or other forms of distress) and attention capture by salient items in a visual search task. Furthermore, we compared these relations to the effects of performing a concurrent auditory task on attention capture. Strikingly, both multi-tasking and elevated levels of anhedonic depression were associated with increased capture by uniquely colored items, but decreased capture by abruptly appearing items. At least with respect to attention capture and distraction, depression seems to be functionally comparable to juggling a second, unrelated cognitive task. 相似文献
938.
Posthumus JA Raaijmakers MA Maassen GH van Engeland H Matthys W 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2012,40(4):487-500
The present study evaluated preventive effects of the Incredible Years program for parents of preschool children who were
at risk for a chronic pattern of conduct problems, in the Netherlands. In a matched control design, 72 parents of children
with conduct problems received the Incredible Years program. These families (intervention group) were compared with 72 families
who received care as usual (control group). Two years after termination of the intervention, it appeared that observed and
selfrated parenting skills were significantly improved in the intervention group. Likewise, in this group, observed child
conduct problems showed sustained intervention effects. The decrease in observed critical parenting mediated the decrease
in observed child conduct problems over time. In addition, it appeared that parental influence increased over time. 相似文献
939.
Perspective-taking has become a main focus of studies on moral judgments. Recent fMRI studies have demonstrated that individual differences in brain activation predict moral decision making. In particular, pharmacological studies highlighted the crucial role for the neuropeptide oxytocin in social behavior and emotional perception. In the present study N=154 participants were genotyped for a functional polymorphism (rs2268498) in the promoter region of the OXTR gene. We found a significant difference between carriers and non-carriers of the C-allele in exculpating agents for accidental harms (F((1,152))=11.49, p=.001, η(2)=.07) indicating that carriers of the C-allele rated accidentally committed harm as significantly more blameworthy than non-carriers. This is the first study providing evidence for a genetic contribution to moral judgments. 相似文献
940.
Substance use disorders and personality disorders often co-occur in clinical treatment. In this review the association between substance use disorders and personality disorders is described and discussed. Clinical and neurobiological data as well as psychodynamic concepts are included to focus on the therapeutic implications for patients with these comorbidities. The consumption of substances often begins as a kind of self-medication. Patients suffering from severe personality disorders need these substance effects to avoid severe destructive affects and to regulate their self-esteem. Patients with chronic substance dependence often show changes in brain structure. In the dependency stage of addiction clinical symptoms can make the diagnosis of a specific personality disorder very difficult. The treatments can be classified by the severity of substance use disorders and personality disorders. Substance misuse can be treated with psychotherapy. In substance dependence, specific forms of addiction therapy should be included. In patients with the frequent comorbidity of substance use disorders and severe personality disorders, disorder-specific treatment can be used with good results. 相似文献