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181.
Walter Hussy 《Acta psychologica》1975,39(5):351-367
Human sequential predictive behaviour is analysed in relation to information theory and information processing theory. The problem consists of the sequential prediction of stochastic-ergodic series of symbols. These sequences are described in terms of information theory (objective structure of the task) and the problem solving process in terms of information processing theory (problem space). The predictions of the behaviour of Ss, deduced from task environment and problem space, are confirmed by statistical analyses of the observed experimental behaviour of Ss. The necessity of further research on this and related problems is emphasized. 相似文献
182.
In a recent paper, Haan and Livson reported sex differences between male and female psychologists in their evaluations of adult men and adult women. Their conclusions have implication for the validity of clinical assessments and were interpreted in terms of stereotypic sex role perceptions. However, their statistical analysis was in fundamental error. When the data they employed were reanalyzed, no reliable sex differences between men and women psychologists were found, a finding in accord with a number of previous investigations of this problem. 相似文献
183.
Three experiments examined effects of the spacing of repetitions on memory for pictures. In Experiment I, the duration of the first presentation (P(1)) was manipulated, as was P(1)-P(2) spacing. The effect of spacing on judged frequency was independent of P(1) duration. In Experiment II, pictures were given M massed presentations just prior to the P(M)-P(M+1) spacing interval. The form of the spacing curve was independent of M. Neither experiment confirmed the prediction of "overhabituation," derived from the habituation-recovery explanation of the spacing effect. In Experiment III, subjects made both duration and frequency judgments. The duration judgment results were not consistent with the notion that subjects remember multiple massed presentations as single occurrences of especially long duration. Some evidence from Experiments I and III suggests that an interrupted stimulus is recognized better than one that is not interrupted-a finding that, if replicable, would support the habituation-recovery account of the spacing effect. 相似文献
184.
The use of knowledge of the familiar sizes of objects in determining the apparent distances of those objects is known as the familiar size cue to distance. If effective, this cue might be one of the factors responsible for supplying the metric (scalar) characteristics of perceptions of spatial extent within a visual display in which other information concerning scalar extents has been reduced to a minimum. Two groups of observers were presented with realistic objects of the same angular, but different assumed, sizes presented in such a cue-restricted display. Perceptions of size and distance within the display did not differ significantly as a function of the type of object initially presented. This result was consistent with the notion that scalar perceptions under these conditions probably are determined by a factor known as the specific distance tendency, rather than by the experiential factor of familiar size. 相似文献
185.
Walter Kristof 《Psychometrika》1973,38(1):101-111
We concern ourselves with the hypothesis that two variables have a perfect disattenuated correlation, hence measure the same
trait except for errors of measurement. This hypothesis is equivalent to saying, within the adopted model, that true scores
of two psychological tests satisfy a perfect linear relation. Statistical tests of this hypothesis are derived when the relation
is specified with the exception of the additive constant. Two approaches are presented and various assumptions concerning
the error parameters are used. Then the results are reinterpreted in terms of the possible existence of an unspecified perfect
linear relation between true scores of two psychological tests. A numerical example is appended by way of illustration.
Research reported in this paper has been supported by grant GB-18230 from National Science Foundation. 相似文献
186.
187.
Walter Kristof 《Psychometrika》1971,36(3):207-225
This paper presents a contribution to the sampling theory of a set of homogeneous tests which differ only in length, test
length being regarded as an essential test parameter. Observed variance-covariance matrices of such measurements are taken
to follow a Wishart distribution. The familiar true score-and-error concept of classical test theory is employed. Upon formulation
of the basic model it is shown that in a combination of such tests forming a “total” test, the singal-to-noise ratio of the
components is additive and that the inverse of the population variance-covariance matrix of the component measures has all
of its off-diagonal elements equal, regardless of distributional assumptions. This fact facilitates the subsequent derivation
of a statistical sampling theory, there being at mostm + 1 free parameters whenm is the number of component tests. In developing the theory, the cases of known and unknown test lengths are treated separately.
For both cases maximum-likelihood estimators of the relevant parameters are derived. It is argued that the resulting formulas
will remain resonable even if the distributional assumptions are too narrow. Under these assumptions, however, maximum-likelihood
ratio tests of the validity of the model and of hypotheses concerning reliability and standard error of measurement of the
total test are given. It is shown in each case that the maximum-likelihood equations possess precisely one acceptable solution
under rather natural conditions. Application of the methods can be effected without the use of a computer. Two numerical examples
are appended by way of illustration.
This research was supported in part by The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, under Research Grant
1 PO1 HDO1762. 相似文献
188.
In two experiments induced movement of an object was produced to demonstrate that movement of the background influences the perceived localization of the object in space. The Roelofs (asymmetry) effect could be used to explain only part of the shift in localization in Experiment1. The asymmetry effect was excluded from Experiment2 by the procedure employed. It was concluded that the Roelofs effect is a sufficient, but not necessary, condition for the effects of induced movement to occur, and that relative displacement of the target and background plays an important part in the illusion. Furthermore, it was shown that the effects of induced movement can occur even when the border of the background remains stationary. 相似文献
189.
This study was concerned with determining the factors important in the size illusion occurring with respect to extraneous objects introduced into an Ames’ monocular distorted room, It was asserted that the distortion in the room was unnecessary in order for the size illusion to be present, A rectangular room plus the extraneous objects produces the same stimulus conditions found in the Ames’ room and, hence, should produce the same illusion in perceived size, In an experiment using a rectangular room, 24 Os judged the size and distance of objects at the same or different distances behind the windows. As in the case of the Ames’ room it was found that the objects of physically equal size were perceived to be in the plane of the windows with the more distant objects appearing to have the smaller size. These results are explained in terms of the action of the equidistance tendency making the objects appear at the distance of the windows and the concept that objects in the same apparent fronto-parallel plane must have equal values of perceived size per unit of retinal size. 相似文献
190.
Walter Kristof 《Psychometrika》1974,39(1):23-29
This study in parametric test theory deals with the statistics of reliability estimation when scores on two parts of a test follow a binormal distribution with equal (Case 1) or unequal (Case 2) expectations. In each case biased maximum-likelihood estimators of reliability are obtained and converted into unbiased estimators. Sampling distributions are derived. Second moments are obtained and utilized in calculating mean square errors of estimation as a measure of accuracy. A rank order of four estimators is established. There is a uniformly best estimator. Tables of absolute and relative accuracies are provided for various reliability parameters and sample sizes. 相似文献