Delayed reinforcement and runway performance

The Psychological Record -     

相遇与疏远——评海德格尔-雅斯贝尔斯书信往来

由维多里奥.克劳斯特曼出版社和R.皮珀尔出版社出版的《海德格尔-雅斯贝尔斯书信往来》[1](P299)属于一份重要文献,它洞察了这个世纪两位思想家的哲学关系史,并且通过这一历史透视了这个时代的某些问题。最初我曾按照汉斯.萨尼尔(系雅斯贝尔斯-书信编者)的意见在前面标上了《相     

Necessity and sufficiency in abstract conditional reasoning

The necessity and sufficiency of the cause relates to the conclusions people draw on everyday conditional inference problems. The current research explores the effects of necessity and sufficiency in an abstract causal context. Three experiments showed that the subjective ratings of necessity and sufficiency diverge from the objective levels: A sufficient and necessary cause is more often labelled as sufficient than a sufficient and not-necessary cause. Likewise, a necessary and sufficient cause is more often labelled necessary than a necessary and not-sufficient cause. In Experiments 1 and 2 we observed that the robust effects of sufficiency on MP and MT, and of necessity on AC and DA found on everyday reasoning generalise to abstract conditionals. There were also partial effects of sufficiency on AC and DA, and of necessity on MP and MT. When the problem presentation is simplified, as in Experiment 3, these partial effects on reasoning disappear. The reasoning results then relate to the objective levels and less to the subjective levels of necessity and sufficiency. This divergence sheds doubt on the idea that reasoners base their inferences on an active assessment of the necessity and/or sufficiency of the causal relation.     

A word from the Publisher

Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science -     

Behandlungs- und Kunstfehler in der Psychoanalyse

Failures and transgressions in psychoanalyses are nowadays more often published and also ascribed to mistakes made by the therapists. In German professional literature, however, no difference is made between treatment errors due to the special method and serious malpractice. The authors show in case studies transgressions in the psychoanalytic setting und discuss their causes and consequences.