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61.
In two experiments, we investigated the effects of duration of visual feedback of the pointing limb and the time (early to late) in the movement when the limb first becomes visible (timing of visual feedback). Timing, rather than duration of visual feedback, proved to have the greater effect on the relative magnitude of visual and proprioceptive adaptation. Visual adaptation increased smoothly with feedback delay, but corresponding decreases in proprioceptive adaptation underwent an additional sharp change when feedback was delayed until about three-fourths of the way to the terminal limb position. These results are consistent with the idea that visual and proprioceptive adaptation are mediated by exclusive processes. Change in the limb position sense (i.e., proprioceptive adaptation) may be produced by visual guidance of the pointing limb, and view of the limb early in the pointing movement seems to be critical for such visual guidance. The limb may be ballistically “released“ as it nears the terminal position, and, thereafter, any opportunity for visual guidance (i.e., view of the limb) is not effective. On the other hand, change in the eye position sense (i.e., visual adaptation) may be mediated by proprioceptive guidance of the eye; the eyes may track the imaged position of the nonvisible limb. Such proprioceptive guidance seems to be solely a function of the distance moved before the limb becomes visible. 相似文献
62.
Localization abilities of subjects in three perceptual-motor tasks were considered before and after an exposure to a visual distortion. During this distortion the subject observed his hand ballistically point to an invisible but audible target while either receiving or not receiving knowledge of results (KR) concerning pointing accuracy. Also, subjects either received a 1-or a 4-sec rest period between each of 30 exposure ballistic pointing actions. The pre-and postexposure tasks involved the ability of a subject to accurately point to an occluded and stationary auditory target, to point to the straight-ahead position in space, and to indicate when a moving, auditory target was perceived as being in the straight-ahead position. For these tasks, the pre-vs. postexposure localization difference scores are referred to as the negative aftereffect, the proprioceptive shift, and the auditory shift, respectively. Wilkinson’s (1971) two-component additive model (negative aftereffect= proprioceptive shift plus auditory shift) held when KR was given regardless of amount of rest between exposure pointing responses. With a 4-sec rest and no KR, the relationship between coordination components was nonadditive (negative aftereffect greater than proprioceptive shift plus auditory shift). 相似文献
63.
Stephen A. Wallace 《Journal of motor behavior》2013,45(3):144-160
Much remains to be learned about how agonist and antagonist muscles are controlled during the production of rapid, voluntary movements. In an effort to summarize a wide body of existing knowledge and stimulate future research on this subject, an impulse-timing theory is presented which attempts to predict the activity of reciprocal muscles based on certain characteristics of a movement. The basic tenet of the theory is that variables of movement time, movement distance, and inertial load have fairly predictable effects on the underlying muscular activity of the agonist and antagonist muscles during the production of rapid and discrete, voluntary movements. The theory is derived from the kinematic work of Schmidt, Zelaznik, Hawkins, Frank, and Quinn (1979) and supporting evidence from studies which have used electromyographic (EMG) recordings of agonist and antagonist muscles during rapid movements. Issues related to synergistic muscle control, central and peripheral control of reciprocal muscle activity, muscle control, and neurological disorder and the relationship between impulse-timing and mass-spring control are discussed in the final section. 相似文献
64.
The contribution to self-reported fears of individual differences in extraversion-introversion (E) and neuroticism (N) was studied in 102 female college students. Four groups of 20 Ss each were constituted - high E high N, high E low N, low E high N, and low E low N. A fear survey schedule and the Eysenck Personality Inventory were employed. By analysis of variance, total fear scores were a significant function of N but not E. Extreme or phobic fears were a significant function of neither personality dimensions, though the N effect approached conventional significance levels. Correlational analyses on the full sample confirmed these findings, except that a statistically significant though slight (6 percent) proportion of extreme fear variance was accountable by N. 相似文献
65.
Heather Ward David Shum Lynne McKinlay Simone Baker-Tweney Geoff Wallace 《Child neuropsychology》2013,19(6):527-549
This study investigated the development of prospective memory using tasks based on the prefrontal-lobe model. Three groups each of 30 children, adolescents, and young adults were compared on prospective-memory performance using ongoing tasks with two levels of cognitive demand (low and high), and two levels of importance (unstressed and stressed) of remembering prospective cues. The Self-Ordered Pointing Task (SOPT), Stroop Color Word Interference Test, and Tower of London were also used to assess relationships between prospective memory and prefrontal-lobe functions. The children remembered fewer prospective cues than either the adolescents or adults, but the adolescents and adults remembered equally well. This trend increased significantly as the cognitive demand of the ongoing tasks increased. However, stressing or not stressing the importance of remembering made no difference to prospective-memory performance. Performance on the SOPT and Stroop Colour Word Interference predicted performance on the high- but not on the low-demand condition. These findings implicate the maturation of the brain's prefrontal region in the development of prospective memory. 相似文献
66.
We assessed intermanual transfer of the proprioceptive realignment aftereffects of prism adaptation in right-handers by examining alternate target pointing with the two hands for 40 successive trials, 20 with each hand. Adaptation for the right hand was not different as a function of exposure sequence order or postexposure test order, in contrast with adaptation for the left hand. Adaptation was greater for the left hand when the right hand started the alternate pointing than when the sequence of target-pointing movements started with the left hand. Also, the largest left-hand adaptation appeared when that hand was tested first after exposure. Terminal error during exposure varied in cycles for the two hands, converging on zero when the right hand led, but no difference appeared between the two hands when the left hand led. These results suggest that transfer of proprioceptive realignment occurs from the right to the left hand during both exposure and postexposure testing. Such transfer reflects the process of maintaining spatial alignment between the two hands. Normally, the left hand appears to be calibrated with the right-hand spatial map, and when the two hands are misaligned, the left-hand spatial map is realigned with the right-hand spatial map. 相似文献
67.
Because the way mothers play with their children may have significant impacts on children's social, cognitive, and linguistic development, researchers have become interested in potential predictors of maternal play. In the present study, 40 mother–infant dyads were followed from child age 5–20 months. Five‐month habituation rate and 13 and 20 month temperamental difficulty were found to be predictive of maternal play quality at 20 months. The most parsimonious theoretical model was one in which habituation was mediated by temperamental difficulty in predicting mother play. Consistent with prior speculation in the literature, these data support the possibility that mothers adjust some aspects of their play behaviors to fit their children's cognitive and temperamental capabilities. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
68.
Doris B. Wallace Fazal Ibrahim Ali Jeanne Bamberger Gillian Beer Lee Benson Katja Bödeker John Broughton Jerome Bruner Weihang Chen Peter Damerow Jürgen Renn Charlotte Doyle Wolfgang Edelstein Howard Gardner Ellen Gruber Garvey Mary Lee Grisanti Sarah V. Gruber Simon L. Gruber Helen Haste Vera John-Steiner Deanna Kuhn Danielle Maurice Emiel Reith Lucien Richard Isabelle Sehl Anastasia Tryphon Ryan Tweney Jacques Vonèche Crystal Woodward Yeh Hsueh S. P. Zitner 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2003,32(5):573-619
69.
70.
R. A. Wallace 《Behavior research methods》1980,12(2):267-269
This paper presents the third-party maintenance industry, how it operates, and the benefits it provides to users and manufacturers of data processing equipment. It also deals specifically with the role of Sorbus in the industry. 相似文献