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281.
David L. Kohfeld Jeffrey L. Santee Norval D. Wallace 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1981,29(6):535-549
It is widely assumed, based on Chocholle’s (1940) research, that stimuli that appear equal in loudness will generate the same reaction times. In Experiment 1, we first obtained equal-loudness functions for five stimulus frequencies at four different intensity levels. It was found that equal loudness produced equal RT at 80 phons and 60 phons, but not at 40 phons and 20 phons. It is likely that Chocholle obtained equivalence between loudness and RT at all intensity levels because of relay-click transients in his RT signals. One main conclusion drawn from Experiment 1 is that signal detection (in reaction time) and stimulus discrimination (in loudness estimation) require different perceptual processes. In the second phase of this investigation, the RT-intensity functions from six different experiments were used to generate scales of auditory intensity. Our analyses indicate that when the nonsensory or “residual” component is removed from auditory RT measures, the remaining sensory-detection component is inversely related to sound pressure according to a power function whose exponent is about — 3. The absolute value of this exponent is the same as the .3 exponent for loudness when interval-scaling procedures are used, and is one-half the size of the .6 exponent which is commonly assumed for loudness scaling. 相似文献
282.
283.
Leonard Israel Siegel MD 《Contemporary Family Therapy》1991,13(3):275-296
This paper is a critical appraisal of Samuel Slipp's book on Object Relations Family Therapy (ORFT), which uses the concept of projective identification as a central thesis in explaining interpersonal influence. Slipp's book is praised for its excellent review of the literature of object relations theory and the major schools of family therapy, classification of families according to complementary projections, and revealing case material. Interpersonal-Systemic (I-S) theory and methodology with its use of the concepts of empathy, interpersonal influences, search for intimacy, maintenance of self-esteem, selective inattention, and reflected appraisals is offered as an alternative view to projective identification. 相似文献
284.
Our bias in establishing causality ties which attribute to one consequence a unique cause make circular causality difficult as a way of thinking. Philosophy shows many theories about causality which all are ways to reduce anxiety. Our experiences sometimes require us to go farther than the instrumental (causal) level and to discover a place where disorder may be reestablished in the movement and contradiction. The Stoical model of expressive causality gives a different meaning to our work. In practice the anecdote becomes the essential element in a chair of expressive causalities. A clinical example shows how the anecdote can be the intersection between the family and therapist, offering a new dimension to circular causality and helps the therapist to understand and create another way of thinking about disorder and confusion. 相似文献
285.
G E Stelmach J A Kelso S A Wallace 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human learning and memory》1975,1(6):745-755
Recent studies by Jones (1974) have posited that accurate movements in short-term motor memory (STMM) are mediated by the subject's ability to preset effector mechanisms and monitor their efferent output. Three experiments were conducted to examine this hypothesis. Experiment 1 involved comparisons between the reproduction of the end-location and the reproduction of the distance of a preselected movement. The results revealed that preselected location was superior to preselected distance, indicating that the efference attached to movement extent was not primary. Experiment 2 examined whether location cues were primarily encoded independent of the movement presentation mode. The subjects recalled target locations under preselected, constrained, and passive movement conditions. Recall in the preselected condition was superior to that in the constrained and passive conditions, which showed no difference, suggesting that afferent location information per se was not totally responsible for recall accuracy. Experiment 3 examined the processing requirements of preselected, constrained, and passive location information by filling the retention interval with interpolated processing activity. While preselected location was clearly superior, the three conditions were not differentially affected by processing activity. These overall findings were interpreted as contrary to Jones (1974) and pointed to the importance of preselection in short-term motor memory. 相似文献
286.
Benjamin Wallace Lawrence E. Melamed Charles Kaplan 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1973,13(2):164-168
While wearing laterally displacing prisms, Ss were required to align a spot of light to the phenomenal straightahead. These measurements were obtained at the beginning and at the end of an exposure to prismatic displacement. In addition, Ss either actively controlled movement of the spot of light, or movement was manipulated by E under the direction of the S. Aftereffects were determined by having S position the spot of light with normal vision at the beginning of the experiment and after each measurement obtained under prism viewing. Ss in the darkened room condition who were required to align the spot of light actively showed a significant aftereffect in the direction of prismatic displacement both at the beginning and at the end of the exposure period. No difference in the degree of adaptation was found between those measurements at the beginning and at the end of the exposure period. No significant aftereffects were found when the room was illuminated during prism exposure or when E controlled movement of the light source. 相似文献
287.
Benjamin Wallace Lawrence E. Melamed Roni R. Cohen 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1973,14(1):21-23
Ss, under prismatic viewing, aligned a spot of light to the apparent straightahead first in the dark and then under illumination. Ss made these judgments either by controlling the spot themselves or by directing E in moving it. For both types of alignment procedures, judgments were significantly more veridical in the illuminated room (correction effect). Aftereffects, measured after both the spot alignment in the dark and in the light, were found to be significant only when S moved the stimulus. These results contradict the argument that the egocentric localization processes involved in the production of the correction effect itself are the basis of the aftereffects obtained. 相似文献
288.
Whole/part transfer and re-pairing of rights and wrongs were employed in a study of verbal discrimination reversal learning. The whole/part and re-pairing procedures were used to create reversal conditions (0%, 50%, or 100% reversal) that were similar at the outset of reversal learning in that all correct alternatives on the reversal list were higher in situational frequency than their respective incorrect alternatives. Similarly, reversal lists were constructed that were similar in that all incorrect alternatives on the reversal list were higher in situational frequency than their respective correct alternatives. The results were consistent with the existing literature on verbal discrimination reversal, as performance was impaired when items reversed functions (50% and 100% reversal). There was little evidence that uniform frequency relations between rights and wrongs affected ease of reversal learning. 相似文献
289.
Leopold Gruenfeld Peter Weissenberg Wallace Loh 《International journal of psychology》1973,8(1):41-49
L'?uvre de McClelland et les recherches interculturelles rapportées par Witkin permettent de supposer que les aspirations à la réussite personnelle, d'une part, et le style cognitif, d'autre part, sont liés au niveau d'industrialisation. Dans cette étude, on a comparé les valeurs de réalisation de soi et le style cognitif d'étudiants américains et péruviens de même niveau social et de même origine urbaine. Les résultats ne soutiennent pas l'hypothèse de différence entre les deux échantillons et attirent l'attention sur la nécessité de contrôler, dans ce type de recherches, des variables telles que le niveau social, le degré d'instruction ou l'origine urbaine des sujets. 相似文献
290.
Short-term memory and coding strategies in the deaf 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2