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151.
Adaptation-level theory, opponent process theory, and dispositions: an integrated approach to the stability of job satisfaction 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Research suggests that the stability of job satisfaction is partially the result of dispositions (J. J. Connolly & C. Viswesvaran, 2000; C. Dormann & D. Zapf, 2001; T. A. Judge & J. E. Bono, 2001a; T. A. Judge, D. Heller, & M. K. Mount, 2002). Opponent process theory (R. L. Solomon & J. D. Corbit, 1973, 1974) and adaptation-level theory (H. Helson, 1948) are alternative explanations of this stability that explain how environmental effects on job satisfaction dissipate across time. On the basis of an integration of these explanations, the authors propose that dispositions (a) influence employees' equilibrium or adaptation level of job satisfaction, (b) influence employees' sensitivity to workplace events, and (c) influence the speed at which job satisfaction returns to equilibrium after one is exposed to a workplace event. Research and applied implications are discussed. 相似文献
152.
153.
The ability to recover episodic associations is thought to depend on medial-temporal lobe mnemonic mechanisms and frontal lobe cognitive control processes. The present study examined the neural circuitry underlying non-verbal associative retrieval, and considered the consequences of successful retrieval on cognitive control demands. Event-related fMRI data were acquired while subjects retrieved strongly or weakly associated pairs of novel visual patterns in a two-alternative forced choice associative recognition paradigm. Behaviorally, successful retrieval of strongly associated relative to weakly associated pairs was more likely to be accompanied by conscious recollection of the pair's prior co-occurrence. At the neural level, right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) and hippocampus were more active during successful retrieval of Strong than of Weak associations, consistent with a role in visual associative recollection. By contrast, Weak trials elicited greater activation in right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which may detect conflict between the similarly familiar target and foil stimuli in the absence of recollection. Consistent with this interpretation, stronger ACC activity was associated with weaker hippocampal and stronger right dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) responses. Thus, recollection of relevant visual associations (hippocampus and VLPFC) results in lower levels of mnemonic conflict (ACC) and decreased familiarity-based monitoring demands (DLPFC). These findings highlight the interplay between cognitive control and episodic retrieval. 相似文献
154.
Recent studies on perceptual organization in humans claim that the ability to represent a visual scene as a set of coherent
surfaces is of central importance for visual cognition. We examined whether this surface representation hypothesis generalizes
to a non-mammalian species, the barn owl (Tyto alba). Discrimination transfer combined with random-dot stimuli provided the appropriate means for a series of two behavioural
experiments with the specific aims of (1) obtaining psychophysical measurements of figure–ground segmentation in the owl,
and (2) determining the nature of the information involved. In experiment 1, two owls were trained to indicate the presence
or absence of a central planar surface (figure) among a larger region of random dots (ground) based on differences in texture.
Without additional training, the owls could make the same discrimination when figure and ground had reversed luminance, or
were camouflaged by the use of uniformly textured random-dot stereograms. In the latter case, the figure stands out in depth
from the ground when positional differences of the figure in two retinal images are combined (binocular disparity). In experiment 2,
two new owls were trained to distinguish three-dimensional objects from holes using random-dot kinematograms. These birds
could make the same discrimination when information on surface segmentation was unexpectedly switched from relative motion
to half-occlusion. In the latter case, stereograms were used that provide the impression of stratified surfaces to humans
by giving unpairable image features to the eyes. The ability to use image features such as texture, binocular disparity, relative
motion, and half-occlusion interchangeably to determine figure–ground relationships suggests that in owls, as in humans, the
structuring of the visual scene critically depends on how indirect image information (depth order, occlusion contours) is allocated between different surfaces.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
155.
Carl G. Wagner 《Erkenntnis》1999,51(2-3):233-241
Several fallacies of conditionalization are illustrated, using the two-envelope problem as a case in point
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
156.
Convergent cortical representation of semantic processing in bilinguals 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Illes J Francis WS Desmond JE Gabrieli JD Glover GH Poldrack R Lee CJ Wagner AD 《Brain and language》1999,70(3):347-363
This study examined whether semantic processes in two languages (English and Spanish) are mediated by a common neural system in fluent bilinguals who acquired their second language years after acquiring their first language. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed while bilingual participants made semantic and nonsemantic decisions about words in Spanish and English. There was greater activation for semantic relative to nonsemantic decisions in left and right frontal regions, with greater left frontal activation. The locations of activations were similar for both languages, and no differences were found when semantic decisions for English and Spanish words were compared directly. These results demonstrate a shared frontal lobe system for semantic analysis of the languages and are consistent with cognitive research on bilingualism indicating that the two languages of a bilingual person access a common semantic system. 相似文献
157.
Penny Glass Dorothy I. Bulas Ann E. Wagner Shusila R. Rajasingham Lucy A. Civitello Cara E. Coffman 《Brain and language》1998,63(3):346-356
The pattern of language deficit following left-hemisphere brain injury and visual/spatial deficit following right-hemisphere injury in an adult or older child is well recognized, but has been inconsistently reported following presumed neonatal brain injury. Our prospective study of 24 children at age 5 with documented neonatal unilateral brain injury lends support to the theory of hemisphere specialization at the time of birth. Twelve children who had unilateral left-hemisphere lesion were compared to 12 children with unilateral right-hemisphere lesion of similar timing and severity. Relative visual/spatial deficit following right-hemisphere lesion and receptive language deficit following left-hemisphere lesion were identified. Lateralized measures of grip strength, fine motor speed, and fine motor dexterity were not significantly different between the groups for either hand in this nonhemiparetic study sample. Only one child with a left-hemisphere lesion was left-handed, and only one child (right-lesion) had a hemiparesis. 相似文献
158.
159.
A Wagner 《Psychiatrie, Neurologie, und medizinische Psychologie》1979,31(9):554-561
During a study tour of the Neurological Clinic in Warsaw, the automatic EMG analysis procedure by means of the Polish computer ANOPS was tested, standard values worked out and their diagnostic information value tested on patients with neuromuscular diseases. To obtain normal values, leads from four muscles of each of 21 healthy persons were made and the electromyograms of each muscle described by five different parameters. For a differentiated neuromuscular diagnosis it is significant that the computer not only calculates the mean values of each EMG parameter but provides histograms from which further statistical indices and diagnostic information can be obtained. 相似文献
160.
WAIS test-retest reliabilities were calculated for a clinical out-patient sample with testing intervals varying from 1 to 10 yr. There was no relationship between test-retest interval and the stability of test scores and the correlations between IQs were quite satisfactory (Full Scale IQ = .897, Verbal IQ = .906, Performance IQ = .876). Reliabilities remained high even when the sample was divided by diagnosis into organic, neurotic, personality disorder, and schizophrenic subgroups. 相似文献