异化和社会行动

“异化”现在是个时髦名词,而这就是为什么人们认为异化“可疑”的主要理由。有些人对这个词抱“防范”态度,他们认为与异化相联系的内容在实践中是危险的,还有些人愿尽力保持他们认为值得维护的状况,而对“异化”一词有反感。这些嫌恶的反应来自具有不同思想倾向和实际立场的人:从那些自命以消除词句意义不清为己任的学者,到与“失望哲学”的悲观主义做斗争的人,都有。我们发现,在反对异化概念的人们中,既有囿于新实证主义传统压     

A behavioral analysis of peaking in residential electrical-energy consumers

This study was concerned with "peaking", which is the tendency for electrical-energy users to consume at high rates for brief periods during the day. Peaking results in the inefficient use of generating facilities, which may lead to unfavorable effects on the environment, such as the construction of new energy producing facilities or the activation of older, less safe, generating units. A continuous data collection system to monitor consumption of electrical energy was installed in the homes of three volunteer families. Information, feedback, and incentives were evaluated for their effects on peak energy consumption. A combination of feedback plus incentives was most effective and reduced peaking about 50%. Removal of experimental treatments resulted in a return to pre-treatment patterns of consumption.     

认知科学在军事训练中的应用

本文描述认知科学与军事训练两大独立体系之间的相互影响,为那些在训练上感兴趣于认知研究应用的人们提供一个实际的方向。我们首先讨论军事训练中与认知有关的一般问题,然后介绍四个很大程度上是以认知研究和理论为基础的先进的军事训练系统。     

六个月婴儿理解因果关系吗?

原因和结果的概念常被认为是通过长时期的学习才得以掌握的,但本研究的结果却表明,出生仅27个星期的婴儿可能已理解因果关系.     

创造性潜能评述

E.P.Torrance教授是当前美国创造力研究中最有影响的权威之一。他在本文中提出了创造性思维的一个新的研究范畴——超越理性、推理的思维。文章对这种思维下了定义,对它的内容作了介绍,并进行了分析论述,以及对它的评价方法作了探讨。本文讨论的内容在当前国际间的兴趣和注意正在高涨并引起了广泛深入的研究。     

Some effects of response-correlated increases in reinforcer magnitude on human behavior

After training under short or long fixed-interval schedules, humans responded under a modified fixed-interval schedule in which magnitude of reinforcement (X or 2X) was minimally correlated with response frequency. Response frequencies that equaled or exceeded a minimum response criterion were followed by the larger reinforcer at the end of the interval; otherwise, the smaller reinforcer was delivered. The modified schedule alternated with the baseline schedule across conditions. In a control condition, the reinforcer magnitudes produced by control subjects were yoked to those of experimental subjects. Experimental subjects, but not control subjects, showed increased responding. In addition to the baseline and modified fixed-interval schedules used in Experiment 1, subjects in Experiment 2 also responded under a second modified fixed-interval contingency in which increases in reinforcer magnitude were more highly correlated with response frequency. Experimental subjects, but not control subjects, showed increased responding under both procedures. Direct comparison of these two procedures showed that the high-correlation procedure produced greater increases in responding than did the low-correlation procedure.     

A test of symmetry and transitivity in the conditional discrimination performances of pigeons

In a matching-to-sample context, pigeons were taught two conditional discriminations according to one of three equivalence paradigms: train if A, then select B and if B, then select C; train if B, then A and if B, then C; or train if A, then B and if C, then B. Test trials without reinforcement revealed that the conditional relations did not satisfy the symmetrical and transitive properties of an equivalence relation. Apparently, only specific if... then relations were learned. Contrary to Kendall's (1983) findings, and probably as a consequence of procedural differences, none of the pigeons in the present experiment were observed to emit mediating behavior during the transitivity probe trials. The absence of symmetry and transitivity may be related to the individual stimuli not being reflexive. Behavioral techniques other than the commonly used matching-to-sample technique might better succeed in avoiding unintended stimulus control in the study of the formation of stimulus classes.     

论马克思著作中拜物教、异化和意识形态的联系

一、拜物教和异化的联系 1984年,德国统一社会党中央委员会社会科学院举行多学科的综合会议,讨论马克思著作中异化概念的内涵和作用问题。与会者要回答的问题是:异化概念在历史唯物主义的理论大厦中占居什么地位。这就是说,要把“异化”概念作为一个历史唯物主义概念加以理解,并对它的内涵加以规定。十位与会者以不同的方式对这个问题作了回答,其中两位直接了当地反对把“异化”纳入马列主义哲学的“范畴系统”。